Emotions and Emotional Design

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Questions and Answers

What type of error occurs when there is an incorrect execution of a planned action?

Lapse

Slip

Error of planning

Error of execution (correct)

What is a common factor that contributes to lapses in the storage stage of action planning?

Incorrect omission of a stored action (correct)

Confusion between similar tasks

Misunderstanding the task requirements

Rushing to complete a task

Which of the following is categorized under slips?

Failing to use the appropriate plan for a task

Mistaking a task sequence due to interruptions

Inability to remember an action due to fatigue

Skipping a checklist step (correct)

Which cognitive stage of action planning involves deciding on a suitable plan?

Planning stage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a mistake?

Choosing a wrong plan to achieve a goal Signup and view all the answers

What is one effective strategy to reduce slips and lapses during task execution?

Provide thorough training on task completion Signup and view all the answers

What commonly causes slips during familiar tasks?

Confusion between two similar tasks Signup and view all the answers

What type of conditions are latent conditions typically associated with?

Workplace-related factors outside immediate control Signup and view all the answers

What are the four types of pleasure proposed by the pleasure model?

Physio-pleasure, Socio-pleasure, Psycho-pleasure, Ideo-pleasure Signup and view all the answers

Which approach blames the individual for errors such as forgetfulness and inattention?

Person Approach Signup and view all the answers

What does the System Approach suggest regarding human errors?

Change the conditions under which humans work. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Kansei Engineering (KE) encompass?

Sensitivity, emotion, and aesthetics. Signup and view all the answers

In the Basic Model of Product Appraisal, what are the two main components influencing product appraisal?

Product attributes and judgment against a concern. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended countermeasure in the Person Approach?

System defenses Signup and view all the answers

According to the framework of Lionel Tiger, which of the following correctly identifies a type of pleasure related specifically to emotional reactions?

Psycho-pleasure Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when multiple faults create a chain of events leading to errors?

A contributory error model. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main components of emotion?

Subjective Experience, Physiological Response, Behavioral Response Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following emotions is categorized as a positive human emotion?

Peaceful Signup and view all the answers

In the Emotional Design Model, what does the visceral level primarily involve?

Gut reactions and first impressions of the design Signup and view all the answers

According to the information presented, how do negative human emotions typically affect a person?

They sap energy and undermine effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the Behavioral level focus on in the Emotional Design Model?

Functional performance and user goal achievement Signup and view all the answers

What does the Reflective level of the Emotional Design Model involve?

Conscious evaluation of performance and value Signup and view all the answers

Which model emphasizes pleasurable aspects of interactions with products?

Pleasure Model Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of positive emotions according to the content provided?

They result in feelings of satisfaction and happiness. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can contribute to people making mistakes?

Organizational issues Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the GEMS model in understanding human error?

Controlling the consequences of errors Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive task processing level involves reasoning from first principles?

Knowledge-based Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended approach to handling errors in operator training?

Include error scenarios Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects modern views on dealing with active errors?

Focusing on controlling consequences is more productive. Signup and view all the answers

Which practice is part of building robustness to human error?

Enhancing system visibility Signup and view all the answers

What does the questioning attitude involve?

Proactively searching for unfamiliar situations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a skill-based task?

Driving a car on a familiar route Signup and view all the answers

What should a person do when they have a feeling that something is not right?

Stop Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as a primary benefit of learning from mistakes?

Opportunities for learning Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is advocated for when designing tasks?

Reduce opportunities for error Signup and view all the answers

According to the principles outlined, what is considered most critical for maintaining system dependability?

Human involvement Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested as the best response to human error in a system?

Create tolerance through mechanisms like undo Signup and view all the answers

What should a Pre-Job Brief cover according to safety protocols?

Hazards, work procedures, and special precautions Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best captures the philosophy surrounding human errors?

Human errors are inevitable and should be planned for. Signup and view all the answers

What does the STAR method emphasize prior to performing a task?

Ensure attention is focused on the task Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Emotions

Defined as - A complex reaction pattern, with elements of experience, behavior, and physiology.
Three components: subjective experience, physiological response, behavioral or expressive response
Positive emotions are those associated with feeling good about oneself
Negative emotions are those that sap your energy and undermine your effectiveness

Emotional Design

Creates designs to evoke emotions that result in positive user experiences
Three levels of cognitive processing: Visceral, Behavioral, and Reflective
Visceral - gut reactions to or first impressions of design
Behavioral - users evaluate a design through their goals and its usability.
Reflective - users consciously judge design performance and benefits.

Pleasure Model (Patrick W. Jordan)

Focuses on pleasurable aspects of interactions with products
Based on the framework of Lionel Tiger - Four types of pleasure: Physio-pleasure, Socio-pleasure, Psycho-pleasure, and Ideo-pleasure
Physio-pleasure is related to bodily aspects and sensory experiences
Socio-pleasure relates to the enjoyment derived from relationships with others
Psycho-pleasure is associated with cognitive and emotional reactions
Ideo-pleasure is associated with personal values

Basic Model of Product Appraisal Process (Desmet)

Product appraisal depends on product attributes and judgment of design against a concern
Appraisal leads to emotion.

Kansei Engineering (KE)

"Kansei" is a Japanese word for sensitivity, feeling, emotion, intuition. aesthetic, senses etc...
Established by Mitsuo Nagamachi

Human Errors

Errors are failures in planned action to be completed as intended, or use of a wrong plan to achieve an aim.
Errors of execution - failure to execute plan correctly
Errors of planning - wrong plan is used to accomplish tasks.
Active failures - occur at the level of a frontline operator and are felt almost immediately
Latent Conditions - occur outside the direct control of the operator and cause a chain of events leading to errors
Latent conditions include distractions, interruptions, task complexity, lack of knowledge or resources, and distractions.

Cognitive Processing in Errors (J. Reason)

Three stages of cognitive processing for tasks: Planning, Storage, and Execution.
Errors at each stage are distinct:
- Slips - occur during the execution stage and are incorrect executions of planned actions
- Lapses - occur during the storage stage and are incorrect omissions of a stored, planned action
- Mistakes - occur during the planning stage and the plan is unsuitable for accomplishing the desired goal

Reducing Slips and Lapses

Make workers aware that slips and lapses happen
Use checklists to ensure that all actions have been completed
Include equipment setup, site layout, and work methods in procedures to ensure a logical sequence
Ensure checks are in place for complicated tasks
Minimize distractions and interruptions

Why Mistakes Occur

Doing too many things at the same time
Doing too many complex tasks at once
Time pressures

Factors that Contribute to Mistakes

Work environment - temperature, lighting, noise etc...
Extreme task demands - unusual workload, deadlines, or difficult tasks
Social issues - relationship conflicts, lack of support from supervisors or peers
Individual stressors - personal problems, financial issues
Equipment problems - faulty equipment, lack of resources
Organizational issues - poor communication, lack of training

Origins of Error - GEMS Model (Generic Error-Modeling System)

Attempts to understand the origins of human error by identifying three levels of processing:
- Skill-based: familiar and automatic procedural tasks
- Rule-based: involves pattern matching from a set of internal problem-solving rules
- Knowledge-based: involves reasoning from first principles

Addressing Human Error

Focus on error tolerance, not avoidance
Human error is inescapable
Human error is detectable

Building Robustness to Human Error

Discover and correct latent errors, human nature is to wait until an emergency before responding.
Increase system visibility by not hiding complexity behind automated mechanisms
Take errors into account in operator training by including error scenarios and promoting exploratory trial and error training.
Emphasize the positive side of errors - Learning from them.
Reduce opportunities for error by designing tasks to match human limits like working memory and problem-solving abilities.

Error Prevention Tools

Job Hazard Assessment/Pre-Job Brief: Identify and address existing and potential job hazards.
Self Checking (STAR): STOP - Is my attention focused.
Questioning Attitude: Stop, look, and listen. Gather information before acting.
Stop When Unsure: Stop and get clarification if things feel wrong.
Feedback and Reinforcement: People perform better when they receive encouragement and support from others.

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Description

Explore the intricate concepts of emotions and their role in design through this quiz. Learn about the components of emotional reactions and how emotional design influences user experiences. Delve into the Pleasure Model and its significance in product interactions.