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Questions and Answers
Which method is typically more effective in eliciting emotions?
Which method is typically more effective in eliciting emotions?
What is a significant disadvantage of using facial expression posing as an emotion elicitation method?
What is a significant disadvantage of using facial expression posing as an emotion elicitation method?
What does reliability in measurement refer to?
What does reliability in measurement refer to?
What is a common issue with self-report measures?
What is a common issue with self-report measures?
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Which of the following best defines validity in measurement?
Which of the following best defines validity in measurement?
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How do surface actors typically respond to customers compared to deep actors?
How do surface actors typically respond to customers compared to deep actors?
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What aspect distinguishes emotions from internal drives like hunger and thirst?
What aspect distinguishes emotions from internal drives like hunger and thirst?
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What is an emotional episode?
What is an emotional episode?
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Which of the following is true about mood?
Which of the following is true about mood?
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What is the focus of the James-Lange theory of emotion?
What is the focus of the James-Lange theory of emotion?
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What distinguishes sentiments from moods?
What distinguishes sentiments from moods?
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Which of the following statements best describes the relational aspect of emotions?
Which of the following statements best describes the relational aspect of emotions?
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What is a key feature of emotions?
What is a key feature of emotions?
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What are personality traits typically associated with?
What are personality traits typically associated with?
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In the commonsense view, what is the order of emotional experience?
In the commonsense view, what is the order of emotional experience?
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What does the James-Lange theory propose about the relationship between physiological changes and feelings?
What does the James-Lange theory propose about the relationship between physiological changes and feelings?
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According to the Cannon-Bard theory, how do physiological changes and feelings interact?
According to the Cannon-Bard theory, how do physiological changes and feelings interact?
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What is a key aspect of the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?
What is a key aspect of the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?
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Which of the following is a criticism of the Cannon-Bard theory?
Which of the following is a criticism of the Cannon-Bard theory?
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What is the main focus of Basic Emotion Theory?
What is the main focus of Basic Emotion Theory?
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According to the Schachter-Singer theory, what determines the specific emotion experienced?
According to the Schachter-Singer theory, what determines the specific emotion experienced?
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Which basic emotion is primarily evolved to facilitate escape from danger?
Which basic emotion is primarily evolved to facilitate escape from danger?
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What limitation is associated with the James-Lange theory?
What limitation is associated with the James-Lange theory?
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Which of the following emotions is not typically classified as a basic emotion?
Which of the following emotions is not typically classified as a basic emotion?
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What does the facial feedback hypothesis suggest about emotions?
What does the facial feedback hypothesis suggest about emotions?
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What is a primary challenge when using self-report measures across different languages?
What is a primary challenge when using self-report measures across different languages?
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Which physiological measure is associated with immediate emotional response detection?
Which physiological measure is associated with immediate emotional response detection?
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What is a limitation of using fMRI as a physiological measure?
What is a limitation of using fMRI as a physiological measure?
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Which measure focuses on the behavioral aspect of emotions?
Which measure focuses on the behavioral aspect of emotions?
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What is one reason physiological measures are considered more objective than self-reports?
What is one reason physiological measures are considered more objective than self-reports?
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Which physiological measure is known for high spatial accuracy?
Which physiological measure is known for high spatial accuracy?
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What is a common limitation of behavioral measures in assessing emotions?
What is a common limitation of behavioral measures in assessing emotions?
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Why is physiological data interpretation considered challenging?
Why is physiological data interpretation considered challenging?
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What type of emotions may be difficult to differentiate using physiological measures?
What type of emotions may be difficult to differentiate using physiological measures?
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What factor can cause physiological measures to differ significantly among individuals?
What factor can cause physiological measures to differ significantly among individuals?
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What does the Basic Emotion Theory emphasize in emotional responses?
What does the Basic Emotion Theory emphasize in emotional responses?
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Which of the following best describes the role of core affect in emotional experiences?
Which of the following best describes the role of core affect in emotional experiences?
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What is a key difference between the Basic Emotion Theory and the Appraisal Theories?
What is a key difference between the Basic Emotion Theory and the Appraisal Theories?
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How are emotional terms categorized in the Circumplex model?
How are emotional terms categorized in the Circumplex model?
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What do appraisal theories like the Component Process Model emphasize regarding emotions?
What do appraisal theories like the Component Process Model emphasize regarding emotions?
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Which statement best describes the Component Process Model's view of emotional responses?
Which statement best describes the Component Process Model's view of emotional responses?
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What limitation does traditional laboratory-based emotional elicitation methods have?
What limitation does traditional laboratory-based emotional elicitation methods have?
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What is a primary focus of the Core Affect and Psychological Construction approach?
What is a primary focus of the Core Affect and Psychological Construction approach?
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What is suggested by the findings of participants experiencing both positive and negative emotions simultaneously?
What is suggested by the findings of participants experiencing both positive and negative emotions simultaneously?
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What is one criticism of the physiological approach to labeling emotions in the constructivist model?
What is one criticism of the physiological approach to labeling emotions in the constructivist model?
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of basic emotions according to Basic Emotion Theory?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of basic emotions according to Basic Emotion Theory?
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How does the two-factor structure of affect conceptualize positive and negative emotions?
How does the two-factor structure of affect conceptualize positive and negative emotions?
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What role do emotional concepts play in the psychological construction model?
What role do emotional concepts play in the psychological construction model?
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Study Notes
Emotional Labour
- Emotional labour involves constructing and managing emotions to meet job requirements, particularly in service sectors.
- Surface acting results in more negative customer responses and heightened emotional exhaustion compared to deep acting (Zhan et al., 2016).
Defining Emotion
- Emotions are reactions to external and internal events, reflecting the importance of context relative to personal goals.
- Emotions prioritize certain goals, preparing individuals for quick, effective actions to address concerns (e.g., fear leads to escape).
Key Features of Emotions
- Emotions consist of subjective feelings, appraisals concerning personal goals, physiological changes, and behavioral expressions.
Terminology in Emotion
- Affect: Refers to emotional phenomena including moods and preferences.
- Emotional Episode: A limited-time emotional state with an intentional object.
- Mood: A prolonged emotional state, often objectless, while a sentiment relates to an emotional state tied to a specific object.
- Emotional Disorders: Long-lasting emotional conditions assessed by the DSM, such as major depression.
Personality Traits and Emotions
- Personality traits are stable characteristics over a lifetime, while temperament relates to innate predispositions.
Theories of Emotion
- James-Lange Theory: Proposes emotions result from physiological responses (e.g., seeing a bear leads to bodily reactions, then feelings of fear).
- Cannon-Bard Theory: Argues that emotional experiences (feelings, physiological responses, behaviors) occur simultaneously and independently.
- Schachter-Singer Theory: Suggests emotions depend on a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal.
Basic Emotion Theory
- Basic emotions evolved to address threats in early human environments, identified by researchers like Paul Ekman (e.g., happiness, sadness, anger).
- Each basic emotion has a unique adaptive function and is universally recognized across cultures.
Core Affect and Psychological Construction
- This model categorizes emotions along dimensions of valence (positive/negative) and arousal.
- Emotional experiences are constructed from mental concepts, shaped by personal and cultural learning.
Appraisal Theories
- Focus on cognitive appraisals that shape emotional experiences, considering dimensions like novelty and pleasantness.
Measurement of Emotion
- Emotional induction methods include recollection, vignettes, affective materials (films, music), and facial expression posing.
- Advantages of these methods include their face validity and ecological relevance, while disadvantages involve their lab-based limitations and inconsistent effectiveness.
Measurement Considerations
- Reliability: Consistency in measurement scores.
- Validity: Ensures the measure accurately assesses intended constructs and correlates with relevant outcomes.
- Self-report measures are convenient but may lack precision due to individual differences in standards of emotional intensity.### Self-Report Measures
- Comparison between individuals across different languages can lead to misinterpretations due to lost meaning in translation.
- Populations with limited language comprehension include infants, brain-damaged individuals, and nonhuman animals.
- Self-reports of emotions can sometimes conflict with physiological and behavioral measures.
- Within-subject changes in self-reported feelings often correspond to meaningful physiological changes (e.g., skin conductance).
Physiological Measures
- Physiological measures assess the bodily responses related to emotional experiences, preparing the body for actions.
- The sympathetic nervous system triggers fight-or-flight responses (e.g., increased heart rate, sweating).
- The parasympathetic nervous system promotes growth and conserves energy for later use.
- Common physiological measures include heart rate, cortisol levels, skin conductance, electroencephalography (EEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
Advantages of Physiological Measures
- Objectivity is a key advantage; measurements like heart rate are straightforward compared to subjective questionnaire scores.
- EEG captures changes in brain electrical activity instantaneously after emotional triggers.
- fMRI provides highly accurate spatial localization of brain activity through oxygen uptake variations.
Limitations of Physiological Measures
- Some methods (e.g., fMRI) may be costly and uncomfortable, requiring motionless participants in a noisily enclosed space.
- Situations used in physiological analyses often lack ecological validity, not representing real-life scenarios.
- Individual physiological responses can vary widely, influenced by personal biological differences.
- Observing changes from baseline physiological states may yield better insights regarding emotional responses.
Interpretative Challenges
- Discerning specific emotions from physiological responses can be difficult; for instance, an increased heart rate can be attributed to both elation and anxiety.
- External factors, such as sneezing, may skew physiological data.
- Interpretation of results may be ambiguous; for example, amygdala activation upon viewing a spider may indicate fear or simple detection without clear distinction.
Behavioral Measures
- Behavioral measures observe and record emotional expressions through facial muscle contractions (e.g., eyebrow lowering, lip tightening during anger).
- Useful for studying emotions in populations unable to communicate verbally, such as infants and animals.
- The Facial Action Coding System, developed by Ekman and Friesen, tracks facial muscle contractions in terms of duration and intensity.
Limitations of Behavioral Measures
- Behavioral expressions might not accurately reflect genuine emotions; individuals can mask feelings through expressive suppression.
- Coding of specific facial movements is time-intensive and requires extensive training to accurately distinguish subtle action units (e.g., eye widening).
- Ambiguity in facial expressions exists, with some requiring consensus among raters for accurate interpretation.
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Description
This quiz explores the concept of emotional labour, particularly in service industries. It distinguishes between surface acting and deep acting, highlighting their effects on emotional exhaustion and customer interactions. Additionally, it delves into what constitutes an emotion and its significance.
