Emotional Labour and Definitions
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Questions and Answers

Which method is typically more effective in eliciting emotions?

  • Film clips (correct)
  • Listening to music
  • Watching a slideshow
  • Reading a book

    • What is a significant disadvantage of using facial expression posing as an emotion elicitation method?

  • It can lead to confusion about the intended emotion.
  • Physical efforts may cause unrelated emotional responses. (correct)
  • It may not generate any emotional response at all.
  • It is always less effective than verbal techniques.

    • What does reliability in measurement refer to?

  • The consistency of scores across repeated tests. (correct)
  • The ability to predict related outcomes accurately.
  • The validity of the emotional responses measured.
  • The accuracy of the scoring system.

    • What is a common issue with self-report measures?

    <p>They may lack consistency due to differing individual standards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines validity in measurement?

    <p>The relevance of the measure to the emotional concept it assesses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do surface actors typically respond to customers compared to deep actors?

    <p>They tend to receive more negative responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect distinguishes emotions from internal drives like hunger and thirst?

    <p>Emotions reflect contextual relevance to goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an emotional episode?

    <p>A transient state involving physiological changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about mood?

    <p>It can last from hours to weeks without a clear target.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the James-Lange theory of emotion?

    <p>Emotions begin with the behavior that follows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes sentiments from moods?

    <p>Sentiments involve a specific object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the relational aspect of emotions?

    <p>Emotions facilitate the engagement in relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of emotions?

    <p>They include subjective feelings and physiological responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are personality traits typically associated with?

    <p>Long-lasting aspects of personality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the commonsense view, what is the order of emotional experience?

    <p>Event → Emotion → Behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the James-Lange theory propose about the relationship between physiological changes and feelings?

    <p>Feelings result from physiological changes after assessment of a situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Cannon-Bard theory, how do physiological changes and feelings interact?

    <p>They are causally independent and occur simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?

    <p>Physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal work together to determine emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a criticism of the Cannon-Bard theory?

    <p>It suggests that physiological responses can influence feelings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Basic Emotion Theory?

    <p>Basic emotions serve distinct evolutionary functions in response to challenges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Schachter-Singer theory, what determines the specific emotion experienced?

    <p>The context and cognition surrounding the situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which basic emotion is primarily evolved to facilitate escape from danger?

    <p>Fear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation is associated with the James-Lange theory?

    <p>It fails to consider that feelings can influence physiological reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following emotions is not typically classified as a basic emotion?

    <p>Guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the facial feedback hypothesis suggest about emotions?

    <p>Facial expressions can influence individual emotional states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary challenge when using self-report measures across different languages?

    <p>Meaning may be lost in translation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological measure is associated with immediate emotional response detection?

    <p>EEG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of using fMRI as a physiological measure?

    <p>It requires participants to be in a noisy and stationary environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure focuses on the behavioral aspect of emotions?

    <p>Facial Action Coding System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason physiological measures are considered more objective than self-reports?

    <p>Definitions for physiological measures are unambiguous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological measure is known for high spatial accuracy?

    <p>Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common limitation of behavioral measures in assessing emotions?

    <p>Behaviors can be faked or concealed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is physiological data interpretation considered challenging?

    <p>Physiological changes can indicate multiple emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of emotions may be difficult to differentiate using physiological measures?

    <p>Specific emotions that elicit similar responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can cause physiological measures to differ significantly among individuals?

    <p>Biological differences among persons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Basic Emotion Theory emphasize in emotional responses?

    <p>Physiological changes and facial expressions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of core affect in emotional experiences?

    <p>It defines feelings in terms of valence and activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between the Basic Emotion Theory and the Appraisal Theories?

    <p>Basic Emotion Theory focuses on universal aspects of emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are emotional terms categorized in the Circumplex model?

    <p>By pleasantness and arousal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do appraisal theories like the Component Process Model emphasize regarding emotions?

    <p>They highlight the role of cognitive evaluations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the Component Process Model's view of emotional responses?

    <p>Responses are based on a mixture of individual appraisals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation does traditional laboratory-based emotional elicitation methods have?

    <p>They tend to lack ecological validity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary focus of the Core Affect and Psychological Construction approach?

    <p>Understanding emotions in terms of continuous dimensions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested by the findings of participants experiencing both positive and negative emotions simultaneously?

    <p>Emotions are complex and can overlap.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one criticism of the physiological approach to labeling emotions in the constructivist model?

    <p>It treats physiological arousal as too general.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a characteristic of basic emotions according to Basic Emotion Theory?

    <p>They can develop into complex emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the two-factor structure of affect conceptualize positive and negative emotions?

    <p>They are evaluated as separate but related dimensions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do emotional concepts play in the psychological construction model?

    <p>They help organize individual experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Emotional Labour

    • Emotional labour involves constructing and managing emotions to meet job requirements, particularly in service sectors.
    • Surface acting results in more negative customer responses and heightened emotional exhaustion compared to deep acting (Zhan et al., 2016).

    Defining Emotion

    • Emotions are reactions to external and internal events, reflecting the importance of context relative to personal goals.
    • Emotions prioritize certain goals, preparing individuals for quick, effective actions to address concerns (e.g., fear leads to escape).

    Key Features of Emotions

    • Emotions consist of subjective feelings, appraisals concerning personal goals, physiological changes, and behavioral expressions.

    Terminology in Emotion

    • Affect: Refers to emotional phenomena including moods and preferences.
    • Emotional Episode: A limited-time emotional state with an intentional object.
    • Mood: A prolonged emotional state, often objectless, while a sentiment relates to an emotional state tied to a specific object.
    • Emotional Disorders: Long-lasting emotional conditions assessed by the DSM, such as major depression.

    Personality Traits and Emotions

    • Personality traits are stable characteristics over a lifetime, while temperament relates to innate predispositions.

    Theories of Emotion

    • James-Lange Theory: Proposes emotions result from physiological responses (e.g., seeing a bear leads to bodily reactions, then feelings of fear).
    • Cannon-Bard Theory: Argues that emotional experiences (feelings, physiological responses, behaviors) occur simultaneously and independently.
    • Schachter-Singer Theory: Suggests emotions depend on a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal.

    Basic Emotion Theory

    • Basic emotions evolved to address threats in early human environments, identified by researchers like Paul Ekman (e.g., happiness, sadness, anger).
    • Each basic emotion has a unique adaptive function and is universally recognized across cultures.

    Core Affect and Psychological Construction

    • This model categorizes emotions along dimensions of valence (positive/negative) and arousal.
    • Emotional experiences are constructed from mental concepts, shaped by personal and cultural learning.

    Appraisal Theories

    • Focus on cognitive appraisals that shape emotional experiences, considering dimensions like novelty and pleasantness.

    Measurement of Emotion

    • Emotional induction methods include recollection, vignettes, affective materials (films, music), and facial expression posing.
    • Advantages of these methods include their face validity and ecological relevance, while disadvantages involve their lab-based limitations and inconsistent effectiveness.

    Measurement Considerations

    • Reliability: Consistency in measurement scores.
    • Validity: Ensures the measure accurately assesses intended constructs and correlates with relevant outcomes.
    • Self-report measures are convenient but may lack precision due to individual differences in standards of emotional intensity.### Self-Report Measures
    • Comparison between individuals across different languages can lead to misinterpretations due to lost meaning in translation.
    • Populations with limited language comprehension include infants, brain-damaged individuals, and nonhuman animals.
    • Self-reports of emotions can sometimes conflict with physiological and behavioral measures.
    • Within-subject changes in self-reported feelings often correspond to meaningful physiological changes (e.g., skin conductance).

    Physiological Measures

    • Physiological measures assess the bodily responses related to emotional experiences, preparing the body for actions.
    • The sympathetic nervous system triggers fight-or-flight responses (e.g., increased heart rate, sweating).
    • The parasympathetic nervous system promotes growth and conserves energy for later use.
    • Common physiological measures include heart rate, cortisol levels, skin conductance, electroencephalography (EEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

    Advantages of Physiological Measures

    • Objectivity is a key advantage; measurements like heart rate are straightforward compared to subjective questionnaire scores.
    • EEG captures changes in brain electrical activity instantaneously after emotional triggers.
    • fMRI provides highly accurate spatial localization of brain activity through oxygen uptake variations.

    Limitations of Physiological Measures

    • Some methods (e.g., fMRI) may be costly and uncomfortable, requiring motionless participants in a noisily enclosed space.
    • Situations used in physiological analyses often lack ecological validity, not representing real-life scenarios.
    • Individual physiological responses can vary widely, influenced by personal biological differences.
    • Observing changes from baseline physiological states may yield better insights regarding emotional responses.

    Interpretative Challenges

    • Discerning specific emotions from physiological responses can be difficult; for instance, an increased heart rate can be attributed to both elation and anxiety.
    • External factors, such as sneezing, may skew physiological data.
    • Interpretation of results may be ambiguous; for example, amygdala activation upon viewing a spider may indicate fear or simple detection without clear distinction.

    Behavioral Measures

    • Behavioral measures observe and record emotional expressions through facial muscle contractions (e.g., eyebrow lowering, lip tightening during anger).
    • Useful for studying emotions in populations unable to communicate verbally, such as infants and animals.
    • The Facial Action Coding System, developed by Ekman and Friesen, tracks facial muscle contractions in terms of duration and intensity.

    Limitations of Behavioral Measures

    • Behavioral expressions might not accurately reflect genuine emotions; individuals can mask feelings through expressive suppression.
    • Coding of specific facial movements is time-intensive and requires extensive training to accurately distinguish subtle action units (e.g., eye widening).
    • Ambiguity in facial expressions exists, with some requiring consensus among raters for accurate interpretation.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the concept of emotional labour, particularly in service industries. It distinguishes between surface acting and deep acting, highlighting their effects on emotional exhaustion and customer interactions. Additionally, it delves into what constitutes an emotion and its significance.

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