Emotional Development in Children

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What consequence can children experience immediately following their parents' divorce?

Increased academic performance

Drop in income (correct)

Improved mental health

Stability in family life

What is one of the long-term consequences for boys after parental divorce?

Better emotional regulation

Enhanced social connections

Increased academic success

Which of the following is NOT a method for helping families through divorce?

Joint custody

Parent education programs

Divorce mediation

Adoption services (correct)

What is a potential drawback of maternal employment on child development?

Risk of ineffective parenting Signup and view all the answers

What type of support is essential for employed parents to help their families thrive?

Paid leave when children are ill Signup and view all the answers

What defines children's self-concept during early development?

A set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of emotional competence gained by preschoolers?

Cognitive reasoning Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome for children with poor emotion regulation when experiencing empathy?

Personal distress instead of sympathy Signup and view all the answers

What type of play involves children engaging in separate activities while exchanging toys and commenting on each other's behavior?

Associative play Signup and view all the answers

Which type of play requires children to work towards a common goal?

Cooperative play Signup and view all the answers

In parenting approaches, what does the 'high-road' refer to?

The ability to think rationally and act according to values Signup and view all the answers

Which type of play is characterized by children playing with similar toys but not interacting with one another?

Parallel play Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes self-esteem?

Judgments about our own worth and the feelings associated Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor contributing to childhood obesity linked to family habits?

Use of food as a reward Signup and view all the answers

Which group is reported to have rising obesity levels?

China Signup and view all the answers

What is a major criticism of adult-organized youth sports?

Overemphasis on competition and adult control Signup and view all the answers

What type of unintentional injury is most common among middle childhood children?

Motor vehicle accidents Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of informal play is declining in industrialized countries?

Games with rules Signup and view all the answers

What can be done to promote developmentally appropriate organized sports for children?

Emphasize enjoyment and skill teaching Signup and view all the answers

At what age range does concrete operational thinking develop, characterized by logical reasoning?

7-11 years Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of participation in adult-organized youth sports?

Increased self-esteem and social skills Signup and view all the answers

Which intelligence is characterized by strong verbal skills and the ability to use language effectively?

Linguistic Signup and view all the answers

What learning environment does the Constructivist philosophy primarily promote?

Active learning with student-led discovery Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects educational quality?

Teacher's salary Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of interpersonal intelligence?

Understanding and interacting with others Signup and view all the answers

In terms of self-esteem, what aspect does it primarily involve?

Judgments about one's own worth Signup and view all the answers

What can be a significant benefit of smaller class sizes for students?

Better concentration and participation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the characteristic of self-concept?

The core beliefs about one's abilities and attributes Signup and view all the answers

How is the US positioned regarding average math scores?

Intermediate but nearing low rank Signup and view all the answers

What is seriation?

The ability to order items along a quantitative dimension Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes transitive inference?

The ability to seriate mentally Signup and view all the answers

What are the three strategies for memory in middle childhood?

Rehearsal, Organization, Elaboration Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the whole language approach from the phonics approach to reading?

Whole language focuses on complete texts from the beginning, while phonics teaches rules for translating written symbols into sounds first Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of Sternberg's types of intelligence?

Emotional Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive change occurs to attention during middle childhood?

Attention becomes more selective, planful, and flexible Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of code switching?

Incorporating words from one language into a sentence of another Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of rehearsal in middle childhood memory strategies?

It consists of actively repeating items to oneself to retain information Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary ability involved in perspective taking?

Distinguishing others' viewpoints from one's own Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a broad self-evaluation used by children in middle childhood for self-esteem?

Financial stability Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence self-esteem in children?

Personal hobbies Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes mastery-oriented attributions from learned helplessness?

Belief in fixed ability versus belief in incremental ability Signup and view all the answers

How do children in middle childhood often develop biased attitudes?

When authority figures confer status distinctions Signup and view all the answers

Which method is effective in reducing prejudice among children?

Facilitating intergroup contact with equal status Signup and view all the answers

Which category of peer acceptance is NOT represented in the common classifications?

Academically gifted Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes rejected-withdrawn children?

Socially withdrawn behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Self Concept

A set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that define a person.
Defining children's self-concept includes appearance, everyday behaviors, and possessions.

Self Esteem

Judgments made about one's own worth and associated feelings.

Emotional Competence in Preschoolers

Preschoolers gain emotional understanding, self-regulation, and empathy.

Empathy vs. Sympathy

Empathy involves understanding and sharing the feelings of another person.
For children with poor emotion regulation, empathy leads to personal distress rather than sympathy.
Sympathy involves feeling concern for another person.

Parenting Books (High Road)

In parenting books, the high-road refers to maintaining rational thinking and choosing actions according to values.

Emotion Regulation and Empathy

For children with poor emotion regulation, empathy leads to personal distress.

Types of Play

Nonsocial activity (unoccupied, onlooker, and solitary play)
Parallel play (children play alongside each other with similar toys, but they are not interacting.)
Associative play (children play together, interact, share toys or materials, but there is no organized play).
Cooperative play (children play with shared goals, interact with each other, and share responsibilities)

Cognitive Play Categories

Functional play
Constructive play
Make-believe play

Inductive Discipline

Using transgressions as opportunities to teach.
Reducing opportunities for misbehavior.
Providing reasons for rules.
Including children in family routines and duties.
Encouraging mature behavior.
Being sensitive to children's physical and emotional resources.

Sources of Aggression in Early Childhood

Individual differences, family, social information processing deficits, media influences.

Parenting Styles

Authoritative (high control, high emotional connection)
Permissive (low control, high emotional connection)
Authoritarian (high control, low emotional connection)
Uninvolved (low control, low emotional connection)

Nocturnal Enuresis

Bedwetting during the night.

Causes of Poor Nutrition in Middle Childhood

More focus on peer activities and less on food.
Meal frequency with family has decreased.
Poor-quality diets high in soft drinks and fast foods.
Poverty.

Rising Obesity Rates

Urbanization and dietary shifts.
Heredity (overweight parents), socioeconomic status, early growth patterns of weight gain, family eating habits.
Overfeeding, parental control of children's intake, responsiveness to food cues, lack of physical activity, television viewing, early malnutrition, stunting.

Types of Interventions for Childhood Obesity

Family and school-based interventions.

Types of Unintentional Injuries in Middle Childhood

Motor vehicle injuries
Bicycle injuries

Informal Play

Games with rules but not formally organized
Neighborhood safety has decreased
Organized sports

Participation in Adult-Oriented Youth Activities

Increased self-esteem and social skills.

Valid Criticisms of Adult-Organized Sports

Overemphasis on competition and control.
Potential for social ostracism of weaker performers, especially boys.

Concrete Operational Stage

Age 7-11
Logical reasoning
Conservation

Seriation

Ordering items along a quantitative dimension (e.g., length or weight)

Transitive Inference

Ability to seriate mentally

Code Switching

Producing an utterance in one language with "guest" words from another language.

Attention in Middle Childhood

Selective attention
Planful thinking
Flexibility

Memory Strategies in Middle Childhood

Rehearsal
Organization
Elaboration

Whole Language vs. Phonics Approach to Reading

Whole language: Exposure to complete texts
Phonics: Phonics rules for translating written symbols into sounds

IQ Contribution

Both heredity and environmental factors contribute to IQ.

Benefits of Smaller Class Sizes for Teachers and Students

Teachers spend less time disciplining and more time teaching and providing individual attention.
Students show better concentration, higher participation, and favorable attitudes toward school.

Traditional vs. Constructivist Education

Traditional: Passive learning, teacher as instructor
Constructivist: Active learning, teacher as guidance

Factors Affecting Educational Quality

Societal values, school resources, quality of teaching, and parental support.

US Math Scores

Intermediate level, on the verge of low.

Self Concepts, Esteem, and Perspective Taking

Self-Concept: Set of attributes defining a person.
Self-Esteem: Judgments about one's own worth.
Perspective Taking: Ability to distinguish others' viewpoints.

Self-Evaluations in Middle Childhood

Academic competence, social competence, physical/athletic competence, physical appearance.

Other Influences on Self-Esteem

Cultural values
Gender-stereotyped beliefs
Child-rearing practices
Achievement-related attributions

Mastery-oriented: Attribution of success to ability, incremental view of ability, focus on learning goals.
Learned helplessness: Attribution of failure to ability, fixed view of ability, focus on performance goals

Reducing Prejudice

Intergroup contact (children from different racial and ethnic backgrounds having equal status, working toward common goals, getting to know each other).

Peer Acceptance Categories

Popular children (prosocial, antisocial)
Rejected children (aggressive, withdrawn)
Controversial children
Neglected children
Average children

Lesbian/Gay Parents

Major concern that children may be stigmatized by parents' sexual orientation.

Immediate Consequences of Parental Divorce

Instability, conflict, drop in income, parental stress, disorganized family life, age, temperament, and sex of children.

Long-Term Consequences of Parental Divorce

Improved adjustment (after two years), more problems among boys, difficult temperaments, involvement of fathers.

GOAT of Child Development

(None mentioned in text)

Helping Families Through Divorce

Divorce mediation, parent education programs, joint custody, child support.

Most Common Blended Family Type

Mother-stepfather.

Benefits of Maternal Employment

Higher self-esteem
Positive family and peer relations
Fewer gender stereotypes
Better grades
More father involvement.

Drawbacks of Maternal Employment

Less time for children.
Risk of ineffective parenting.

Support for Employed Parents

Fathers' participation in childcare responsibilities.
Part-time work or flexible schedules.
Job sharing.
On-site childcare.
Paid leave when children are ill.
Equal pay and employment opportunities for women.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz explores key concepts of emotional development in preschoolers, including self-concept, self-esteem, and empathy. It also covers types of play and the impact of parenting approaches on emotional competence. Test your understanding of these foundational psychological principles relevant to children's growth.