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Questions and Answers
What is the main difference between Emigration and Immigration based on the text?
Which domain of life thrives in harsh environments, loves extremities, and can survive in cold & hot acid environments?
What kingdom domain is characterized by being multicellular, stationary (do not move around), and autotrophic (make their own food)?
What term is used to describe a trait that is no longer present and does not serve any function?
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What phenomenon is described as the similarity in characteristics resulting from common ancestry?
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What kind of process is evolution, according to the information provided?
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What is the main focus of Lamarckian Evolution?
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Which process involves individuals with certain traits surviving to reproduce more than those lacking those traits?
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What is the main difference between directional and stabilizing selection?
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According to Lamarckian Evolution, if a parent becomes buff through exercise, will their child inherit this trait?
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What is the bottleneck effect in population genetics?
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In what way does artificial selection differ from natural selection?
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Study Notes
Population Dynamics
- Emigration refers to leaving a population (exiting)
- Immigration refers to entering a population (inside)
Classification of Life
- The three domain classifications of life are:
- Bacteria
- Archaea (thrives in harsh environments, loves extremities, cold & hot environments, acid environments)
- Eukarya (has nucleus)
Kingdom Domains
- The four kingdom domains are:
- Animalia (heterotrophs, rely on others for food; move at least one stage in their life; multicellular)
- Plantae (autotrophs, make their own food; multicellular; stationary, do not move around)
- Fungi (heterotrophs; multicellular; break down food externally)
- Protista
Tree of Life
- The trunk represents the common ancestor that gave rise to everything else
- Branches represent different species, including species that are still around and extinct species
Evidence for Evolution
- Fossils
- Comparative anatomy
- Biogeography
- Comparative embryology
- Molecular biology
Evolutionary Concepts
- Vestigial trait: a trait that is no longer present and does not serve a function
- Homology: similarity in characteristics that have resulted from common ancestry
- Biogeography: a pattern of distribution of species on the continents
- Evolution: a process of change in the characteristics of a population of organisms over the course of generations
- Divergence: when a population develops different traits from a common ancestor over time
- Convergence: similar traits between species that are not from a common ancestor but developed independently from different ancestors
Theories Before Darwin
- The philosophy of zoologique
- Lemarkian Evolution: organisms altered their behavior/traits in response to environmental change
Evolutionary Processes
- Fitness: how many offspring are produced by an individual (measurement)
- Fit: an individual's potential for surviving in an environment
- Adaptation: a trait that increases fitness
- Natural selection: a process in which individuals with certain traits survive long enough to reproduce more than individuals who lack those traits
- Pesticide resistance: overtime, the survivors have certain alleles that gave them more resistance to the pesticides
- Artificial selection: when humans act as the environment
- Sexual selection: through non-random mating, the alleles for preferred traits prevail over the generations
Microevolution
- Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: five conditions that are needed for no microevolution
- No genetic drift
- Mating is totally random
- There are no mutations
- There is no immigration or emigration
- There is no natural selection
- Microevolution: change in allele frequencies over time
- Genetic drift: chance alteration of allele frequency in a population
- Gene flow: a physical flow of alleles between populations tends to counter genetic differences that arise through mutations and natural selection
- Bottleneck effect: disease or natural disaster kills off members, reducing the population
- Founder effect: a small part of the population moves to a new area, bringing only a portion of the gene pool
- Directional selection: traits move in a particular direction
- Stabilizing selection: extremes are selected against, and the traits of the population remain the same because the average condition is the most fit
- Diversifying selection: the average condition is the least fit, increasing diversity; two or more variants are fit
Speciation
- Three conditions that must occur for speciation:
- Separation of population into 2 groups
- Genetic divergence
- Reproductive isolation (if this step does not happen, no speciation will occur)
- Seven ways a population can be reproductively isolated:
- Temporal
- Behavioral
- Ecological
- Mechanical
- Gamete
- Hybrid inviability
- Hybrid infertility
- Biological species concept: a species is a group of individuals that can mate with each other and produce viable and fertile offspring
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Description
Test your knowledge on the concepts of emigration, immigration, and the three domain classifications of life including Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Also, explore the four Kingdom domains such as Animalia, Plantae, and Fungi.
