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Questions and Answers
A 49-year-old male presents with an acute onset of crushing chest pain and diaphoresis. You should:
A 49-year-old male presents with an acute onset of crushing chest pain and diaphoresis. You should:
- Administer up to three doses of nitroglycerin.
- Assess the adequacy of his respirations. (correct)
- Administer up to 324 mg of baby aspirin.
- Obtain vital signs and a SAMPLE history.
A 66-year-old female with a history of hypertension and diabetes presents with substernal chest pressure of 2 hours' duration. You should:
A 66-year-old female with a history of hypertension and diabetes presents with substernal chest pressure of 2 hours' duration. You should:
- Give her one nitroglycerin and reassess her systolic blood pressure.
- Administer oxygen, give her 324 mg of aspirin, and assess her further. (correct)
- Give her high-flow oxygen, attach the AED, and transport at once.
- Obtain a SAMPLE history and contact medical control for advice.
A dissecting aortic aneurysm occurs when:
A dissecting aortic aneurysm occurs when:
- The aorta ruptures, resulting in profound bleeding.
- A weakened area develops in the aortic wall.
- All layers of the aorta suddenly contract.
- The inner layers of the aorta become separated. (correct)
A patient in cardiac arrest is wearing an external defibrillator vest, which is interfering with effective chest compressions. The EMT should:
A patient in cardiac arrest is wearing an external defibrillator vest, which is interfering with effective chest compressions. The EMT should:
A patient tells you that he has a left ventricular assist device (LVAD). Which condition should you suspect he has experienced?
A patient tells you that he has a left ventricular assist device (LVAD). Which condition should you suspect he has experienced?
A patient with atherosclerotic heart disease experiences chest pain during exertion because:
A patient with atherosclerotic heart disease experiences chest pain during exertion because:
After the AED has delivered a shock, the EMT should:
After the AED has delivered a shock, the EMT should:
Angina pectoris occurs when:
Angina pectoris occurs when:
Deoxygenated blood from the body returns to the:
Deoxygenated blood from the body returns to the:
Most AEDs are set up to adjust the voltage based on the impedance, which is the:
Most AEDs are set up to adjust the voltage based on the impedance, which is the:
Nitroglycerin is contraindicated in a patient:
Nitroglycerin is contraindicated in a patient:
Prior to attaching the AED to a cardiac arrest patient, the EMT should:
Prior to attaching the AED to a cardiac arrest patient, the EMT should:
Risk factors for AMI that cannot be controlled include:
Risk factors for AMI that cannot be controlled include:
Signs and symptoms of a hypertensive emergency would MOST likely be delayed in patients who:
Signs and symptoms of a hypertensive emergency would MOST likely be delayed in patients who:
The electrical impulses generated by the heart originate in the:
The electrical impulses generated by the heart originate in the:
The EMT should use an AED on a child between 1 month and 8 years of age if:
The EMT should use an AED on a child between 1 month and 8 years of age if:
When preparing to obtain a 12-lead EKG, the 'LL' and 'RL' electrodes should be placed:
When preparing to obtain a 12-lead EKG, the 'LL' and 'RL' electrodes should be placed:
Which of the following is NOT a common sign or symptom associated with malfunction of an implanted cardiac pacemaker?
Which of the following is NOT a common sign or symptom associated with malfunction of an implanted cardiac pacemaker?
Which of the following signs is commonly observed in patients with right-sided heart failure?
Which of the following signs is commonly observed in patients with right-sided heart failure?
You and your partner arrive at the scene of a middle-aged man who collapsed about 5 minutes ago. He is unresponsive, apneic, and pulseless. You should:
You and your partner arrive at the scene of a middle-aged man who collapsed about 5 minutes ago. He is unresponsive, apneic, and pulseless. You should:
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Study Notes
Cardiac Emergencies and Interventions
- Administer up to 324 mg of baby aspirin for patients with acute chest pain.
- Assess respirations for adequacy in patients presenting with chest pain.
- Utilize nitroglycerin if patients have prescribed medication; monitor blood pressure after administration.
- Initiate high-flow oxygen for patients with chest pressure and seek medical advice if they lack prescribed medications.
Aortic Health and Cardiac Devices
- A dissecting aortic aneurysm results from separation of the inner layers of the aorta.
- External defibrillator vests must not interfere with CPR; batteries should be removed before vest removal.
- Patients with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) often have a history of acute myocardial infarction.
Physiology of Chest Pain and Cardiac Function
- Chest pain in atherosclerotic heart disease stems from narrowed coronary arteries unable to meet increased blood flow demands.
- Angina pectoris manifests when myocardial oxygen demand exceeds supply.
- Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium from the body, essential for blood circulation.
AED and Cardiac Arrest Protocols
- After an AED shock, immediate resumption of CPR is critical.
- Prior to using an AED, ensure the chest is dry to facilitate effective pad adhesion and shock delivery.
- Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) include family history, which is non-modifiable.
Hypertensive Emergencies and Heart Function Monitoring
- Chronic hypertension can obscure signs of hypertensive emergencies in patients.
- The sinoatrial node is responsible for generating electrical impulses in the heart, regulating heart rhythm.
- Malfunctioning cardiac pacemakers may present with symptoms including heart rates less than 60 beats/min, syncope, or dizziness.
Pediatric and Adult Cardiac Care
- Use pediatric pads and energy-reducing devices when applying an AED on children aged 1 month to 8 years.
- When obtaining a 12-lead ECG, "LL" and "RL" electrodes are placed on the thighs or ankles.
- Dependent edema is a common sign of right-sided heart failure, indicating fluid retention.
CPR and Immediate Response
- Initiate high-quality CPR immediately in cases of unresponsive, apneic, and pulseless individuals; follow with AED application as soon as possible.
- Cardiac arrest in adults requires rapid assessment and intervention to prevent delays in life-saving measures.
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