15 Questions
What is the congenital abnormality in which abdominal organs can enter the thoracic cavity, preventing lungs from developing fully?
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
What is the defect in partitioning of the tracheoesophageal septum that is present in 1 in 3000 births?
Oesophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula
What is the condition that arises from premature birth and insufficient surfactant, leading to collapsed alveoli and 20% of newborn mortality?
Respiratory distress syndrome
What is the developmental stage of the lower respiratory tract that involves the divisions of alveoli, continuing after birth? Until what age does this process occur?
Alveolar; Until 8 years
In congenital pulmonary airway malformation, what is replaced by non-functional cystic tissue, and what is the recommended course of action for this condition?
A lobe; Surgical excision after birth
Explain the pathophysiology and possible interventions for congenital diaphragmatic hernia, including the types and frequency of occurrence.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia occurs in 1 in 2000 births, with postero-lateral (Bochdalek) type accounting for ~95% of cases and parasternal (Morgagni) type accounting for 2% of cases. It allows abdominal organs to enter the thoracic cavity, preventing full lung development. Intervention is possible, with fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion being one option.
Describe the diagnosis, surgical correction, and potential accompanying defects of oesophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula.
Oesophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula occur in 1 in 3000 births. It may be diagnosed in utero through excess amniotic fluid. Surgical correction is possible after birth. It may accompany other defects, such as those seen in VACTERL association.
What are the causes and management options for respiratory distress syndrome, and what is the incidence and characteristics of congenital pulmonary airway malformation?
Respiratory distress syndrome is caused by premature birth and insufficient surfactant. It can be managed by artificial surfactant or giving the mother glucocorticoids to stimulate surfactant. Congenital pulmonary airway malformation occurs in 1 in 30,000 births, often being asymptomatic (75%) and requiring surgical excision after birth.
Discuss the stages of development of the lower respiratory tract, and identify the first and final stages of this process.
The stages of lower respiratory tract development include canalicular, pseudoglandular, alveolar, saccular, and glandular. The first stage is the pseudoglandular stage, while the final stage involves divisions of the alveoli, continuing after birth until 8 years of age.
Explain the possible defects associated with the final stage of lung development and their prevalence.
The final stage of lung development may be associated with supernumerary lobules and ectopic lobules, with the process continuing until 8 years of age.
Explain the anatomical landmarks for chest tube placement and the potential risks of incorrect placement.
The anatomical landmarks for chest tube placement include the lateral border of the pectoralis major, anterior border of the latissimus dorsi, apex towards the axilla, and base at the nipple or 5th intercostal space. Incorrect placement risks perforating the pericardium, heart, or liver.
Describe the pathophysiology of pneumothorax and how it affects the position of the mediastinum.
Pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural space, causing the lung to collapse due to its elasticity. This leads to a shift of the mediastinum to the affected side.
What is flail chest and how does it occur? Provide an example of a potential cause.
Flail chest occurs after severe trauma, involving the fracturing of more than 3 ribs. It results in a 'loose' section of the thoracic wall being drawn inwards upon inspiration, leading to paradoxical chest wall motion. An example cause is a car crash.
Explain the role of serous pleural fluid in the pleural cavity and its significance during breathing.
Serous pleural fluid in the pleural cavity reduces friction during breathing by lubricating the surfaces of the visceral and parietal pleura, allowing smooth movement.
What are the potential uses of chest drains, and what is the safety triangle for chest tube insertion?
Chest drains are used to evacuate air (pneumothorax) or fluid (pleural effusion, haemothorax, chylothorax) from the pleural space. The safety triangle for chest tube insertion is demarcated by the lateral border of the pectoralis major, the anterior border of the latissimus dorsi, and the base at the nipple or 5th intercostal space.
Test your knowledge of the embryonic development of the respiratory system with this quiz. Explore the formation of the trachea, bronchi, lungs, and pleura, and enhance your understanding of the intricate process of respiratory system development.
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