Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System Quiz

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Oesophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula

Respiratory distress syndrome

<p>Alveolar; Until 8 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A lobe; Surgical excision after birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Congenital diaphragmatic hernia occurs in 1 in 2000 births, with postero-lateral (Bochdalek) type accounting for ~95% of cases and parasternal (Morgagni) type accounting for 2% of cases. It allows abdominal organs to enter the thoracic cavity, preventing full lung development. Intervention is possible, with fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion being one option.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oesophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula occur in 1 in 3000 births. It may be diagnosed in utero through excess amniotic fluid. Surgical correction is possible after birth. It may accompany other defects, such as those seen in VACTERL association.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory distress syndrome is caused by premature birth and insufficient surfactant. It can be managed by artificial surfactant or giving the mother glucocorticoids to stimulate surfactant. Congenital pulmonary airway malformation occurs in 1 in 30,000 births, often being asymptomatic (75%) and requiring surgical excision after birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stages of lower respiratory tract development include canalicular, pseudoglandular, alveolar, saccular, and glandular. The first stage is the pseudoglandular stage, while the final stage involves divisions of the alveoli, continuing after birth until 8 years of age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The final stage of lung development may be associated with supernumerary lobules and ectopic lobules, with the process continuing until 8 years of age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The anatomical landmarks for chest tube placement include the lateral border of the pectoralis major, anterior border of the latissimus dorsi, apex towards the axilla, and base at the nipple or 5th intercostal space. Incorrect placement risks perforating the pericardium, heart, or liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural space, causing the lung to collapse due to its elasticity. This leads to a shift of the mediastinum to the affected side.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flail chest occurs after severe trauma, involving the fracturing of more than 3 ribs. It results in a 'loose' section of the thoracic wall being drawn inwards upon inspiration, leading to paradoxical chest wall motion. An example cause is a car crash.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serous pleural fluid in the pleural cavity reduces friction during breathing by lubricating the surfaces of the visceral and parietal pleura, allowing smooth movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chest drains are used to evacuate air (pneumothorax) or fluid (pleural effusion, haemothorax, chylothorax) from the pleural space. The safety triangle for chest tube insertion is demarcated by the lateral border of the pectoralis major, the anterior border of the latissimus dorsi, and the base at the nipple or 5th intercostal space.</p> Signup and view all the answers