30 Questions
What covers the fully formed umbilical cord externally?
Amniotic membrane
During which week does the two-layered embryonic disc transform into a three-layered embryo?
Week 3
What process involves cellular rearrangements and migrations during embryonic development?
Gastrulation
Which structure establishes the longitudinal axis of the embryo during gastrulation?
Primitive streak
What do the first cells entering the primitive streak form?
Endoderm
Which germ layer is formed when surface cells migrate medially and enter the primitive streak?
Endoderm
Why is heartburn common during pregnancy?
Because of displacement of the esophagus and crowding of the stomach by the growing uterus
What are teratogens in the context of pregnancy?
Substances that may cause severe congenital abnormalities or fetal death
How does alcohol consumption during pregnancy affect the fetus?
Causes microcephaly, intellectual disability, and abnormal growth in the fetus
Why does smoking during pregnancy hinder fetal growth?
Impairs normal growth and development due to decreased oxygen supply
What is the reason behind increased urine production by the kidneys during pregnancy?
Higher blood volume of the mother
Why should a pregnant woman be cautious about what she consumes, especially during the embryonic period?
To avoid factors that may cause severe congenital abnormalities
What vessel allows most blood to bypass the lungs in a fetus?
Ductus venosus
After birth, which vessel becomes the ligamentum arteriosum?
Ductus arteriosus
What structural change occurs in the heart at birth?
Closure of foramen ovale
Which vessel is responsible for carrying oxygenated blood to the fetus's liver?
Umbilical vein
What structure in the heart helps direct blood flow directly from the right atrium to the left atrium in a fetus?
Foramen ovale
During which period are body structures rapidly growing and differentiating into specific cell types?
Fetal period
Why does the uterus synthesize additional contractile machinery, including actin and myosin?
To prepare for labor by contracting more forcefully
What leads to the formation of gap junctions between myometrial cells as labor approaches?
Increased levels of estrogen
Why do Braxton Hicks contractions occur as labor approaches?
Due to increasing irritability of the myometrium
What is the function of myosin light chain kinase in the uterus?
To assist in uterine contractions by regulating myosin activity
Why do some women experience difficult breathing during pregnancy?
Because of hormonal changes that affect lung function
What is the role of hPL hormone in pregnancy?
To increase the sensitivity of the myometrium to chemical messengers that induce contractions
Why are premature infants usually put on a ventilator?
To assist with lung inflation
What physiological functions are assessed to determine an Apgar score?
Respiration and muscle tone
What does an Apgar score of 8 to 10 indicate?
A healthy baby
During the transitional period after birth, what marks the unstable phase?
Alternating periods of activity and sleep
Why do premature infants have difficulty keeping their lungs inflated?
Lack of surfactant production
Why are the special umbilical blood vessels and fetal shunts occluded after birth?
To facilitate independent circulation
Test your knowledge on the fully formed umbilical cord, amniotic membrane, placenta formation, and gastrulation during embryonic development. Learn about the transformation of the two-layered embryonic disc into a three-layered embryo and the primary germ layers.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
