امبريولوجي الـ RESP ثانية
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Questions and Answers

What is formed by the fusion of the medial nasal folds and neural crest cells?

  • Alveolar bone
  • Nasal septum
  • Mandibular arch
  • Pre-maxilla / inter-maxillary segment (correct)

Which processes contribute to the formation of the upper lip?

  • Fronto-nasal process and mandibular processes
  • Maxillary processes and medial nasal folds (correct)
  • Lateral nasal folds and mandibular processes
  • Maxillary processes and chin

During which week does the nasal placode appear?

  • 5th week
  • 2nd week
  • 8th week
  • 4th week (correct)

What forms the ala of the nose?

<p>Lateral nasal folds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT derived from the first pharyngeal arch?

<p>Nasal septum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the maxillary processes during face development?

<p>Forming the upper lip and cheeks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component does NOT contribute to the formation of the lower lip?

<p>Nasal placodes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which developmental stage do nasal pits begin to deepen to form primitive nasal sacs?

<p>5th week (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity during early development?

<p>Oro-nasal membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the formation of cleft lip?

<p>Failure of fusion between medial nasal folds and maxillary process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sinuses develops during fetal life?

<p>Maxillary sinus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure that contributes to the formation of the secondary palate?

<p>Palatine shelves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from excessive fusion of the maxillary and mandibular processes?

<p>Microstomia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the palate is not ossified and forms the soft palate?

<p>Segment from maxillary processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a complete cleft palate characterized by?

<p>Failure of palatine shelves to fuse with each other, nasal septum, and premaxilla (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for the development of the nasal septum?

<p>Inter-maxillary segment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What separates the esophagus from the laryngo-tracheal tube during development?

<p>Tracheo-esophageal septum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage is the lung development described as resembling an exocrine gland?

<p>Pseudo-glandular stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which germ layer do the epithelial linings of the respiratory system originate?

<p>Endoderm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many secondary bronchi does the right main bronchus typically form?

<p>3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mesoderm forms the visceral pleura during lung development?

<p>Splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what week does sufficient surfactant production begin to occur?

<p>28th week (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pneumocytes primarily line the alveoli?

<p>Type I pneumocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What marks the end of the pseudo-glandular stage in lung development?

<p>Distinct alveolar ducts appear (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the timing for the alveolar stage of lung development?

<p>Up to 8 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition involves soft immature cartilage of the larynx resulting in stridor?

<p>Laryngo-malacia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prenatal condition can cause polyhydramnios related to esophageal atresia?

<p>Tracheo-esophageal fistula (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following anomalies indicates a failure in the recanalization of the larynx?

<p>Laryngeal atresia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following structures does the muscular component of the diaphragm arise from?

<p>Cervical myotomes 3, 4, and 5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants?

<p>Insufficient surfactant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What abnormality occurs due to incomplete canalization of the larynx?

<p>Laryngeal web (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures arise from pleuro-peritoneal membranes in diaphragm development?

<p>Lateral arcuate ligament (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure forms the floor of the stomodeum during early embryonic development?

<p>Buccopharyngeal membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for the formation of the nasal septum and philtrum of the upper lip?

<p>Inter-maxillary segment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the lateral nasal fold during facial development?

<p>Contributes to the ala of the nose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which weeks does the primary development of the face and nose occur?

<p>4th - 8th week (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forms the cheeks during embryonic development?

<p>Mandibular processes and maxillary process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the maxillary processes in facial development?

<p>To contribute to the formation of the upper lip (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nasal pits begin to deepen and form primitive nasal sacs primarily under the influence of which developmental structure?

<p>Fronto-nasal process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which embryonic layer contributes to the musculature of the face?

<p>Mesoderm of the 2nd pharyngeal arch (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main developmental event that occurs to separate the nasal and oral cavities during early embryonic stages?

<p>Rupture of the oro-nasal membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which abnormality is characterized by an exposure of the nasolacrimal duct on the surface of the face?

<p>Oblique facial cleft (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary structure is responsible for the formation of the primary palate?

<p>Inter-maxillary segment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which period do paranasal sinuses typically reach their maximum size?

<p>Puberty (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a complete cleft palate?

<p>Failure of palatine shelves to fuse entirely with nasal septum and premaxilla (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cleft lip results from a failure to fuse between the medial nasal fold and the maxillary process unilaterally?

<p>Unilateral cleft lip (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by a very small mouth opening due to excessive fusion of the maxillary and mandibular processes?

<p>Microstomia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical structure separates the anterior and posterior clefts in the palate?

<p>Incisive fossa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates laryngeal web from laryngeal atresia?

<p>Laryngeal web results from incomplete canalization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of tracheo-esophageal fistula at birth?

<p>Choking episodes after feeding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of tracheal anomaly?

<p>Laryngeal web (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which origin contributes to the median arcuate ligament of the diaphragm?

<p>Mesoderm around the aorta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diaphragm component is derived from the septum transversum?

<p>Central tendon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by insufficient surfactant production and mainly affects neonates?

<p>Respiratory distress syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What embryonic structure contributes to the muscular elements of the diaphragm?

<p>3rd, 4th &amp; 5th cervical myotomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the origin of the epithelial lining of the respiratory system?

<p>The lining is endoderm in origin, except for the nose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the canalicular stage of lung development?

<p>Terminal bronchioles divide into respiratory bronchioles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which period does the significant proliferation of epithelial lining occur, leading to the obliteration of the respiratory tract?

<p>Pseudo-glandular stage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mesoderm is responsible for forming the smooth muscles of the trachea?

<p>Splanchnic mesoderm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Type II pneumocytes during lung development?

<p>They secrete surfactant. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structure separates the esophagus from the laryngo-tracheal tube during early development?

<p>Tracheo-esophageal septum. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the formation of the pleurae during lung development?

<p>Visceral pleura originates from splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pharyngeal arches

Six mesodermal thickenings on each side of the pharynx, crucial for forming facial structures.

Stomodeum

The oral pit that forms between the brain and heart.

Fronto-nasal process

A median prominence from the head, forming part of the face and nose.

Maxillary processes

Dorsal parts of the first pharyngeal arch, contributing to the upper lip and cheek.

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Nasal placodes

Ectodermal thickenings on the fronto-nasal process, initiating nose development.

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Nasal septum

Part of the nose, formed by the fusion of medial nasal folds.

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Upper lip formation

Formed primarily by the maxillary processes, except for the philtrum, which arises from the inter-maxillary segment.

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Nose ala development

Develops from the lateral nasal folds.

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Primary palate formation

The anterior part of the palate, containing the four incisor teeth, formed by the inter-maxillary segment.

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Secondary palate formation

Two shelf-like projections from the maxillary processes fuse with the descending nasal septum, forming the back part of the palate.

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Cleft lip (median)

Failure of fusion between medial nasal folds and mandibular processes, resulting in a split in the upper lip.

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Cleft lip (unilateral/bilateral)

Failure of fusion between medial nasal folds and maxillary process, resulting in a split in the upper lip on one or both sides.

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Cleft palate (anterior)

Failure of palatine shelves to fuse with the premaxilla, creating a split in the front portion of the palate.

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Cleft palate (posterior)

Failure of palatine shelves to fuse with each other and the nasal septum, creating a split in the back part of the palate.

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Nasal conchae development

Develop as elevations on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.

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Nasal septum development

Develops from the intermaxillary segment.

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Respiratory system development

The process by which the lungs and associated structures, like the trachea, larynx, and bronchi develop from the embryo.

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Tracheo-esophageal septum

A structure that divides the foregut into the esophagus and the laryngo-tracheal tube, crucial for proper respiratory and digestive development.

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Lung bud development

The outgrowth from the laryngo-tracheal tube that eventually forms the two lungs.

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Pseudo-glandular stage

Early lung development characterized by the formation of terminal bronchioles; the lungs resemble exocrine glands.

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Canalicular stage

The stage of lung development where terminal bronchioles divide into respiratory bronchioles and then alveolar ducts.

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Sacular stage

The stage of lung development where primitive alveoli form, and capillaries establish close contact with alveoli. Surfactant is produced.

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Surfactant

A substance produced by type II pneumocytes to reduce surface tension in the alveoli.

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Pleura formation

The formation of visceral and parietal pleura from splanchnic and somatic lateral plate mesoderm, respectively.

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Alveolar Stage

The final stage of lung development, occurring up to 8 years of age, characterized by mature alveoli with good contact with capillary endothelial cells.

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Laryngeal Atresia

A congenital anomaly where the larynx fails to recanalize during development, leading to a complete blockage of the airway.

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Laryngeal Web

A congenital condition resulting from incomplete canalization of the larynx, causing a thin membrane that partially obstructs the airway.

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Laryngo-malacia

A common cause of stridor in infancy, characterized by soft and immature cartilage of the larynx, causing the airway to collapse during breathing.

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Tracheal Atresia

A rare congenital condition where the trachea fails to develop completely, resulting in a blockage of the airway.

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Tracheo-esophageal Fistula

An abnormal connection between the trachea and esophagus, caused by an error in the partitioning of the foregut during development.

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Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)

A serious lung condition, primarily affecting premature infants, caused by insufficient surfactant production, leading to collapsed alveoli filled with fluid and forming a hyaline membrane.

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Parasternal Hernia

A type of congenital hernia where abdominal contents protrude through a defect between the sternal and costal origins of the diaphragm.

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What forms the philtrum of the upper lip?

The philtrum of the upper lip is formed by the fusion of the two medial nasal folds, which are derived from neural crest cells.

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What does the inter-maxillary segment form?

The inter-maxillary segment, formed by the fusion of medial nasal folds, contributes to crucial facial structures, including the nasal septum, philtrum of the upper lip, central part of the upper jaw (carrying the four incisors), primary palate, and tip of the nose.

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How is the upper lip formed?

The upper lip is primarily formed by the maxillary processes, which grow medially to fuse with the medial nasal folds. However, the philtrum is an exception; it is formed by the inter-maxillary segment.

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How is the lower lip formed?

The lower lip is formed by the fusion of the two mandibular processes that grow medially.

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What is the origin of the ala of the nose?

The ala of the nose, which forms the 'wings' or 'flares' of the nose, arises from the lateral nasal fold.

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What structures fuse to form the cheeks?

The cheeks are formed by the fusion of the maxillary processes with the mandibular processes, which are located ventrally to the maxillary processes.

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What does the nasolacrimal groove become?

The nasolacrimal groove, which separates the maxillary processes from the lateral nasal folds, develops into the nasolacrimal duct, responsible for draining tears from the eyes.

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What is the origin of the face musculature?

The musculature of the face develops from the mesoderm of the second pharyngeal arch and is innervated by the facial nerve.

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Oro-nasal membrane

A thin membrane separating the primitive nasal sac from the oral cavity during early development.

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Complete cleft palate

A severe congenital defect involving the complete separation of the palate, including both the front and back sections.

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Parasternal (Morgagni) hernia

A type of hernia where abdominal contents bulge through a defect in the diaphragm near the breastbone.

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Laryngo-tracheal tube

A ventral structure formed during early development when the foregut separates into the esophagus and the respiratory system. It gives rise to the larynx, trachea, and lung buds.

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Lung buds

Two small outgrowths from the laryngo-tracheal tube that eventually develop into the two lungs.

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Epithelial lining of respiratory system

The inner layer of the respiratory system, mostly derived from endoderm, except for the nasal lining, which originates from ectoderm.

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Recanalization

The process by which a previously blocked or obliterated tube is reopened, like in the respiratory tract after the initial epithelial proliferation.

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Cartilage of larynx

Cartilage supporting the larynx, formed from the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches, giving structure to the voice box.

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Cartilage of trachea

Cartilage supporting the trachea, formed from the splanchnic mesoderm, providing a rigid framework for the windpipe.

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Secondary bronchi

Branches from the main bronchi that further divide into tertiary bronchi, leading to the smaller airways within the lungs.

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Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs, formed during the saccular stage of lung development.

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Study Notes

Respiratory System Development

  • Six mesodermal thickenings, arranged craniocaudally, form pharyngeal arches.
  • The first arch is the most prominent, containing maxillary and mandibular processes.
  • The stomodeum, or oral pit, forms between the forebrain and heart.
  • The buccopharyngeal membrane ruptures during the fifth week.

Face/Nose Development (4th-8th week)

  • Fronto-nasal process forms from head fold.
  • Two maxillary processes form the dorsal part of the first pharyngeal arch.
  • Two mandibular processes are the ventral part of the first pharyngeal arch.
  • Nasal placodes develop into nasal pits, with medial and lateral folds appearing in the fifth week.
  • Medial nasal folds fuse to form the premaxilla/intermaxillary segment, contributing to the nasal septum, philtrum, upper lip's central part, upper jaw (four incisors), primary palate, and tip of the nose.

Maxillary Process Changes

  • Maxillary processes grow medially to fuse with medial nasal folds, forming the upper lip.
  • They grow laterally to fuse with mandibular processes, forming the cheeks.
  • They grow superiorly, separating from lateral nasal folds via the nasolacrimal groove (nasolacrimal duct).
  • Mandibular processes fuse with each other medially to form the lower lip and chin.
  • Maxillary processes also fuse with mandibular processes to form the cheeks.
  • Facial muscles develop from mesoderm of the second pharyngeal arch, innervated by the facial nerve.
  • The upper lip is primarily formed from maxillary processes, except for the philtrum, which is from the intermaxillary segment.
  • The lower lip develops from the mandibular processes.
  • The alae (wings) of the nose develop from lateral nasal folds.
  • Nose and oral cavities separate as the oro-nasal membrane ruptures.
  • Nasal conchae develop as elevations on lateral nasal walls.
  • Nasal septum develops from the intermaxillary segment.
  • Olfactory epithelium develops in the palate's roof.
  • Paranasal sinuses, like the maxillary sinus, develop during fetal life and reach maximum size in puberty.

Palate Development

  • Primary palate: anterior triangular area containing the four incisors, formed by the intermaxillary segment.
  • Secondary palate: shelf-like projections from inner sides of maxillary processes, fuse in midline with descending nasal septum.
  • Anterior palate clefts result from incomplete fusion of palatine shelves with the premaxilla.
  • Posterior palate clefts result from incomplete fusion of palatine shelves with each other and the nasal septum.

Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, and Pleurae

  • Tracheo-esophageal septum develops, separating foregut into esophagus and laryngo-tracheal tube.
  • The epithelial lining of the respiratory system (except nose) originates from endoderm; other layers (muscles, connective tissue, cartilage) develop from mesoderm.
  • Laryngo-tracheal tube extends caudally, forming laryngotracheal tube.
  • Recanalization occurs after initial obliteration of the tract.
  • Bronchi and lung buds develop from the laryngotracheal tube.
  • Right main bronchus leads to three secondary bronchi, and then 10 tertiary bronchi.
  • Left main bronchus leads to two secondary bronchi, and then 8-10 tertiary bronchi.
  • Further subdivisions increase in number up to the eighth year after birth.
  • Lung development stages include pseudo-glandular, canalicular, and saccular.
  • Alveolar sacs mature (up to 8 years).
  • Pleurae develop from lateral plate mesoderm (visceral and parietal).

Diaphragm Development

  • The diaphragm has central tendon, sternal, and costal origins from septum transversum.
  • Other components include median and lateral arcuate ligaments, as well as crura arising from esophagus's mesentery.
  • Diaphragmatic development involves the contribution of cervical myotomes, and the phrenic nerve.

Congenital Anomalies

  • Cleft lip and palate: results from failure of fusion between medial nasal folds (both lip and palate).

  • Oblique facial cleft: maxillary and lateral nasal folds fail to fuse.

  • Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (Bochdalek): pleuroperitoneal membranes fail to fuse, allowing abdominal viscera to enter the thorax.

  • Parasternal (Morgagni) hernia: sternal and costal parts of the mesoderm fail to fuse.

  • Congenital hiatus hernia: esophageal orifice is too large or esophagus is too short, leading to herniation of the cardia and upper stomach into thorax.

  • Laryngeal anomalies: Laryngeal atresia (rec closure), laryngeal web (incomplete canalization), and laryngomalacia (immature cartilage).

  • Tracheal anomalies: tracheal atresia (failure of trachea to form), tracheomalacia (soft/immature cartilage) & Tracheo-esophageal fistula (abnormal partition of the foregut by a septum).

  • Lung anomalies: lung agenesis or hypoplasia, congenital cysts, accessory lung lobes, and respiratory distress syndrome.

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