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Questions and Answers
What is formed by the fusion of the medial nasal folds and neural crest cells?
What is formed by the fusion of the medial nasal folds and neural crest cells?
Which processes contribute to the formation of the upper lip?
Which processes contribute to the formation of the upper lip?
During which week does the nasal placode appear?
During which week does the nasal placode appear?
What forms the ala of the nose?
What forms the ala of the nose?
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Which structure is NOT derived from the first pharyngeal arch?
Which structure is NOT derived from the first pharyngeal arch?
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What is the primary role of the maxillary processes during face development?
What is the primary role of the maxillary processes during face development?
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Which component does NOT contribute to the formation of the lower lip?
Which component does NOT contribute to the formation of the lower lip?
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At which developmental stage do nasal pits begin to deepen to form primitive nasal sacs?
At which developmental stage do nasal pits begin to deepen to form primitive nasal sacs?
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What structure separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity during early development?
What structure separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity during early development?
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Which of the following correctly describes the formation of cleft lip?
Which of the following correctly describes the formation of cleft lip?
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Which of the following sinuses develops during fetal life?
Which of the following sinuses develops during fetal life?
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What is the primary structure that contributes to the formation of the secondary palate?
What is the primary structure that contributes to the formation of the secondary palate?
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What condition results from excessive fusion of the maxillary and mandibular processes?
What condition results from excessive fusion of the maxillary and mandibular processes?
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Which part of the palate is not ossified and forms the soft palate?
Which part of the palate is not ossified and forms the soft palate?
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What is a complete cleft palate characterized by?
What is a complete cleft palate characterized by?
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Which process is responsible for the development of the nasal septum?
Which process is responsible for the development of the nasal septum?
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What separates the esophagus from the laryngo-tracheal tube during development?
What separates the esophagus from the laryngo-tracheal tube during development?
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During which stage is the lung development described as resembling an exocrine gland?
During which stage is the lung development described as resembling an exocrine gland?
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From which germ layer do the epithelial linings of the respiratory system originate?
From which germ layer do the epithelial linings of the respiratory system originate?
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How many secondary bronchi does the right main bronchus typically form?
How many secondary bronchi does the right main bronchus typically form?
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What type of mesoderm forms the visceral pleura during lung development?
What type of mesoderm forms the visceral pleura during lung development?
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At what week does sufficient surfactant production begin to occur?
At what week does sufficient surfactant production begin to occur?
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Which type of pneumocytes primarily line the alveoli?
Which type of pneumocytes primarily line the alveoli?
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What marks the end of the pseudo-glandular stage in lung development?
What marks the end of the pseudo-glandular stage in lung development?
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What is the timing for the alveolar stage of lung development?
What is the timing for the alveolar stage of lung development?
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Which condition involves soft immature cartilage of the larynx resulting in stridor?
Which condition involves soft immature cartilage of the larynx resulting in stridor?
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What prenatal condition can cause polyhydramnios related to esophageal atresia?
What prenatal condition can cause polyhydramnios related to esophageal atresia?
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Which of the following anomalies indicates a failure in the recanalization of the larynx?
Which of the following anomalies indicates a failure in the recanalization of the larynx?
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In which of the following structures does the muscular component of the diaphragm arise from?
In which of the following structures does the muscular component of the diaphragm arise from?
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What is the main cause of respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants?
What is the main cause of respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants?
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What abnormality occurs due to incomplete canalization of the larynx?
What abnormality occurs due to incomplete canalization of the larynx?
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Which of the following structures arise from pleuro-peritoneal membranes in diaphragm development?
Which of the following structures arise from pleuro-peritoneal membranes in diaphragm development?
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What structure forms the floor of the stomodeum during early embryonic development?
What structure forms the floor of the stomodeum during early embryonic development?
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Which process is responsible for the formation of the nasal septum and philtrum of the upper lip?
Which process is responsible for the formation of the nasal septum and philtrum of the upper lip?
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What is the role of the lateral nasal fold during facial development?
What is the role of the lateral nasal fold during facial development?
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During which weeks does the primary development of the face and nose occur?
During which weeks does the primary development of the face and nose occur?
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What forms the cheeks during embryonic development?
What forms the cheeks during embryonic development?
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Which of the following best describes the function of the maxillary processes in facial development?
Which of the following best describes the function of the maxillary processes in facial development?
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The nasal pits begin to deepen and form primitive nasal sacs primarily under the influence of which developmental structure?
The nasal pits begin to deepen and form primitive nasal sacs primarily under the influence of which developmental structure?
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Which embryonic layer contributes to the musculature of the face?
Which embryonic layer contributes to the musculature of the face?
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What is the main developmental event that occurs to separate the nasal and oral cavities during early embryonic stages?
What is the main developmental event that occurs to separate the nasal and oral cavities during early embryonic stages?
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Which abnormality is characterized by an exposure of the nasolacrimal duct on the surface of the face?
Which abnormality is characterized by an exposure of the nasolacrimal duct on the surface of the face?
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What primary structure is responsible for the formation of the primary palate?
What primary structure is responsible for the formation of the primary palate?
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During which period do paranasal sinuses typically reach their maximum size?
During which period do paranasal sinuses typically reach their maximum size?
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What characterizes a complete cleft palate?
What characterizes a complete cleft palate?
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Which type of cleft lip results from a failure to fuse between the medial nasal fold and the maxillary process unilaterally?
Which type of cleft lip results from a failure to fuse between the medial nasal fold and the maxillary process unilaterally?
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What condition is indicated by a very small mouth opening due to excessive fusion of the maxillary and mandibular processes?
What condition is indicated by a very small mouth opening due to excessive fusion of the maxillary and mandibular processes?
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Which anatomical structure separates the anterior and posterior clefts in the palate?
Which anatomical structure separates the anterior and posterior clefts in the palate?
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What differentiates laryngeal web from laryngeal atresia?
What differentiates laryngeal web from laryngeal atresia?
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What is the primary consequence of tracheo-esophageal fistula at birth?
What is the primary consequence of tracheo-esophageal fistula at birth?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of tracheal anomaly?
Which of the following is NOT a type of tracheal anomaly?
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Which origin contributes to the median arcuate ligament of the diaphragm?
Which origin contributes to the median arcuate ligament of the diaphragm?
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Which diaphragm component is derived from the septum transversum?
Which diaphragm component is derived from the septum transversum?
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Which condition is characterized by insufficient surfactant production and mainly affects neonates?
Which condition is characterized by insufficient surfactant production and mainly affects neonates?
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What embryonic structure contributes to the muscular elements of the diaphragm?
What embryonic structure contributes to the muscular elements of the diaphragm?
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Which statement accurately describes the origin of the epithelial lining of the respiratory system?
Which statement accurately describes the origin of the epithelial lining of the respiratory system?
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What characterizes the canalicular stage of lung development?
What characterizes the canalicular stage of lung development?
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During which period does the significant proliferation of epithelial lining occur, leading to the obliteration of the respiratory tract?
During which period does the significant proliferation of epithelial lining occur, leading to the obliteration of the respiratory tract?
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Which mesoderm is responsible for forming the smooth muscles of the trachea?
Which mesoderm is responsible for forming the smooth muscles of the trachea?
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What is the role of Type II pneumocytes during lung development?
What is the role of Type II pneumocytes during lung development?
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What anatomical structure separates the esophagus from the laryngo-tracheal tube during early development?
What anatomical structure separates the esophagus from the laryngo-tracheal tube during early development?
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Which statement best describes the formation of the pleurae during lung development?
Which statement best describes the formation of the pleurae during lung development?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System Development
- Six mesodermal thickenings, arranged craniocaudally, form pharyngeal arches.
- The first arch is the most prominent, containing maxillary and mandibular processes.
- The stomodeum, or oral pit, forms between the forebrain and heart.
- The buccopharyngeal membrane ruptures during the fifth week.
Face/Nose Development (4th-8th week)
- Fronto-nasal process forms from head fold.
- Two maxillary processes form the dorsal part of the first pharyngeal arch.
- Two mandibular processes are the ventral part of the first pharyngeal arch.
- Nasal placodes develop into nasal pits, with medial and lateral folds appearing in the fifth week.
- Medial nasal folds fuse to form the premaxilla/intermaxillary segment, contributing to the nasal septum, philtrum, upper lip's central part, upper jaw (four incisors), primary palate, and tip of the nose.
Maxillary Process Changes
- Maxillary processes grow medially to fuse with medial nasal folds, forming the upper lip.
- They grow laterally to fuse with mandibular processes, forming the cheeks.
- They grow superiorly, separating from lateral nasal folds via the nasolacrimal groove (nasolacrimal duct).
- Mandibular processes fuse with each other medially to form the lower lip and chin.
- Maxillary processes also fuse with mandibular processes to form the cheeks.
- Facial muscles develop from mesoderm of the second pharyngeal arch, innervated by the facial nerve.
- The upper lip is primarily formed from maxillary processes, except for the philtrum, which is from the intermaxillary segment.
- The lower lip develops from the mandibular processes.
- The alae (wings) of the nose develop from lateral nasal folds.
- Nose and oral cavities separate as the oro-nasal membrane ruptures.
- Nasal conchae develop as elevations on lateral nasal walls.
- Nasal septum develops from the intermaxillary segment.
- Olfactory epithelium develops in the palate's roof.
- Paranasal sinuses, like the maxillary sinus, develop during fetal life and reach maximum size in puberty.
Palate Development
- Primary palate: anterior triangular area containing the four incisors, formed by the intermaxillary segment.
- Secondary palate: shelf-like projections from inner sides of maxillary processes, fuse in midline with descending nasal septum.
- Anterior palate clefts result from incomplete fusion of palatine shelves with the premaxilla.
- Posterior palate clefts result from incomplete fusion of palatine shelves with each other and the nasal septum.
Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, and Pleurae
- Tracheo-esophageal septum develops, separating foregut into esophagus and laryngo-tracheal tube.
- The epithelial lining of the respiratory system (except nose) originates from endoderm; other layers (muscles, connective tissue, cartilage) develop from mesoderm.
- Laryngo-tracheal tube extends caudally, forming laryngotracheal tube.
- Recanalization occurs after initial obliteration of the tract.
- Bronchi and lung buds develop from the laryngotracheal tube.
- Right main bronchus leads to three secondary bronchi, and then 10 tertiary bronchi.
- Left main bronchus leads to two secondary bronchi, and then 8-10 tertiary bronchi.
- Further subdivisions increase in number up to the eighth year after birth.
- Lung development stages include pseudo-glandular, canalicular, and saccular.
- Alveolar sacs mature (up to 8 years).
- Pleurae develop from lateral plate mesoderm (visceral and parietal).
Diaphragm Development
- The diaphragm has central tendon, sternal, and costal origins from septum transversum.
- Other components include median and lateral arcuate ligaments, as well as crura arising from esophagus's mesentery.
- Diaphragmatic development involves the contribution of cervical myotomes, and the phrenic nerve.
Congenital Anomalies
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Cleft lip and palate: results from failure of fusion between medial nasal folds (both lip and palate).
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Oblique facial cleft: maxillary and lateral nasal folds fail to fuse.
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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (Bochdalek): pleuroperitoneal membranes fail to fuse, allowing abdominal viscera to enter the thorax.
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Parasternal (Morgagni) hernia: sternal and costal parts of the mesoderm fail to fuse.
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Congenital hiatus hernia: esophageal orifice is too large or esophagus is too short, leading to herniation of the cardia and upper stomach into thorax.
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Laryngeal anomalies: Laryngeal atresia (rec closure), laryngeal web (incomplete canalization), and laryngomalacia (immature cartilage).
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Tracheal anomalies: tracheal atresia (failure of trachea to form), tracheomalacia (soft/immature cartilage) & Tracheo-esophageal fistula (abnormal partition of the foregut by a septum).
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Lung anomalies: lung agenesis or hypoplasia, congenital cysts, accessory lung lobes, and respiratory distress syndrome.
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