Embryology Quiz: Cellular Development

<p>Substances within the egg cell that influence early development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A hollow ball of cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enable cells to perform specific functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specific signaling pathways (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It continues to divide during its travel to the uterus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2-cell stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alitretinoin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RXR (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tretinoin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cessation of DNA synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Re-induction of albumin synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RAR and RXR (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alitretinoin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemoglobin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heterotypic cell interaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isotretinoin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lower survival rates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breast cancer treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alitretinoin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It induces the ectoderm to form neural tissue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gradient (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By selective gene transcription. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Signaling molecules that determine cell fate based on concentration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only genes necessary for basic metabolism are active. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A cascade of signals affecting neighboring cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows cells to perform specialized functions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They prevent gene expression. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Digestive enzymes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can trigger changes in transcription levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The development of blood cells from stem cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It cleaves precursor miRNA into shorter segments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both myeloid and lymphoid precursors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to the blockage of translation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process by which cells become specialized to perform specific functions, differing from their original state.

Cell differentiation, morphogenesis (shape changes), and cell division all contribute to the development of a complete organism from a single cell.

Specialized signaling pathways within cells are turned on or off based on interactions with other cells and the environment, impacting cell division, differentiation, and death.

The process by which cells with the potential to become any cell type (pluripotent) differentiate into specific types, contributing to tissue formation.

The formation of blood cells from stem cells, influenced by signals and factors within the bone marrow.

A stage in early embryonic development where the embryo is a ball of cells, resembling a mulberry. This stage occurs during the first week of development, and the embryo doesn't increase in size.

The second major stage in embryonic development after the morula, characterized by a hollow ball of cells with an outer layer called the trophoblast and an inner mass of cells called the inner cell mass (ICM).

A type of stem cell derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst. These cells have the potential to develop into any type of cell in the body.

Substances within an egg that influence early development, often unevenly distributed in the unfertilized egg. These substances can influence gene expression and the fate of cells during early development.

A process in development where one group of cells influences the development of neighboring cells, often affecting their differentiation pathways. It's a key mechanism for shaping tissues and organs.

The process by which one group of cells influences the development of another group of cells.

A type of induction where cells have a choice between two fates, one of which is triggered by the presence of a signal.

A type of induction where the concentration of a signaling molecule determines the fate of cells.

A type of induction where a signal triggers a cascade of events, influencing the fate of surrounding cells.

A signaling molecule used in gradient induction, influencing cell fate based on its concentration.

A signaling molecule that activates a pathway inside a cell.

The specific genes that are active in a cell determine its unique characteristics and function.

A cell type that has permanently lost the ability to divide and differentiate, such as a mature keratinocyte, which no longer replicates its DNA.

A cell type that can still divide and differentiate into other cell types, such as a hepatocyte, which can resume albumin synthesis if needed.

The process by which stem cells, which can self-renew, develop into more specialized cell types, such as progenitor cells, losing the ability to self- renew but still capable of becoming specific cell types.

These are markers expressed by a group of cells that indicate their specific identity and function. They are used to identify and track the process of differentiation.

Paracrine signaling between cells, in which one cell secretes a signaling molecule that affects the differentiation of a neighboring cell. This is crucial for the coordinated development of tissues and organs.

A type of RNA molecule that regulates gene expression by binding to messenger RNA (mRNA) and inhibiting its translation into protein.

An enzyme that cuts double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into short segments.

A protein complex that associates with one strand of miRNA, forming a functional complex that can bind to target mRNAs.

An embryonic stem cell that gives rise to both blood vessels and universal blood stem cells.

A type of stem cell that can differentiate into both myeloid and lymphoid precursor cells, ultimately leading to the formation of various blood cells.

The process by which cells change their shape, size, and structure, leading to the formation of organs and tissues.

A type of protein that binds to specific DNA sequences and regulates gene expression. They are involved in many biological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and development.

A group of chemical compounds that are derived from vitamin A and play a crucial role in cell growth, differentiation, and immune function. They can bind to nuclear receptors, altering gene expression.

A type of nuclear receptor that specifically binds to retinoic acid, a type of retinoid. They regulate gene expression pathways involved in development, differentiation, and immune function.

A type of nuclear receptor that works together with RAR to activate specific genes. They are involved in many biological processes, including vision, lipid metabolism,and immune responses.

A type of retinoic acid that can bind to both RAR and RXR receptors. It is often used in cancer treatment due to its ability to induce differentiation and inhibit cell growth.

A pharmaceutical application of retinoids that aims to prevent the development of cancer by targeting genes involved in cell growth and differentiation.

A pharmaceutical application of retinoids that aims to treat existing cancer by targeting genes involved in cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis.

A specific type of cancer treatment that uses retinoids to induce differentiation in cancer cells, causing them to lose their malignant properties and become more like normal cells.