Embryology: Gut Formation and Development
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Questions and Answers

Match the embryonic layers with their respective roles:

Ectoderm = Forms the neural tube Endoderm = Forms the gut tube Mesoderm = Holds the two tubes together Lateral plate mesoderm = Splits into visceral and somatic layers

Match the types of embryonic folding with their descriptions:

Lateral folding = Closes the ventral body wall Cephalocaudal folding = Forms the foregut and hindgut Neurulation = Forms the brain and spinal cord Mesoderm splitting = Creates the primitive body cavity

Match the terms with their definitions:

Primitive gut = Created during the 3rd and 4th week of embryo development Coelomic cavity = Space between visceral and somatic layers Peritoneal cavity = Part of the embryological development Mesenteries = Connectsome abdominal organs to the wall

Match the week of development with the corresponding embryonic event:

<p>3rd week = Formation of the neural plate 4th week = Development of the gut tube Early stage = Continuous primitive body cavity Endoderm folding = Formation of the ventral gut tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the structures with their fate in embryonic development:

<p>Dorsal mesentery = Persists in some organs Ventral mesentery = Develops into the ligamentous structures Retroperitoneal organs = Lack mesenteries Visceral layer = Connected to the gut tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their functions:

<p>Ectoderm = Forms skin and nervous system Endoderm = Forms internal organs Mesoderm = Forms muscle and skeleton Somatic layer = Forms the body wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the organ with its developmental origin:

<p>Foregut = Derived from the cephalic part of the gut tube Hindgut = Derived from the caudal part of the gut tube Liver = Develops from the foregut Kidneys = Developed from the mesoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the outcome of embryonic folding with its explanation:

<p>Formation of a tube = Primitive gut tube structure Closure of body wall = Result of lateral folding Division of the gut tube = Cephalocaudal and lateral folding effects Creation of body cavities = Spaces formed by mesoderm splitting</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following anatomical structures with their description:

<p>Spleen = Connected to the body wall by lienorenal ligament Pyloric Stenosis = Narrowing of the pyloric lumen in infants Duodenum = Formed from the terminal part of the foregut Liver Primordium = Outgrowth of the endodermal epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ligaments with their related organs:

<p>Lienorenal ligament = Connects spleen to left kidney Gastrolienal ligament = Connects spleen to stomach Pyloric atresia = Severe vomiting from obstruction Dorsal mesogastrium = Fusion with the posterior abdominal wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages with their significance in development:

<p>5th week = Appearance of spleen primordium 3rd week = Outgrowth of liver primordium Stomach rotation = Duodenum forms a C-shaped loop Vitamin storage = Liver's primary function post-development</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following blood supplies with their respective regions:

<p>Celiac artery = Supplies foregut Superior mesenteric artery = Supplies midgut Branches of both arteries = Duodenum Hepatic artery = Supplies liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions to their characteristics:

<p>Pyloric stenosis = Common in infants Septum atresia = Rare malformations Duplications = Anomalies of stomach structure Gall bladder formation = Involves liver development</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following systems with their development source:

<p>Respiratory System = Endoderm Digestive System = Endoderm Nervous System = Ectoderm Musculoskeletal System = Mesoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the esophageal abnormalities with their descriptions:

<p>Esophageal Atresia = Result of tracheoesophageal septum deviation Esophageal Stenosis = Caused by incomplete recanalization Congenital Hiatal Hernia = Stomach pulled into the esophageal hiatus Tracheoesophageal Fistula = Abnormal connection between trachea and esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following developmental weeks with their events:

<p>3rd week = Formation of liver primordium 5th week = Dorsal mesogastrium lengthening Fetal life = Development of pyloric stenosis Postnatal = Functionality of the duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the stomach features with their details:

<p>Fusiform Expansion = Occurs in 4th week of development Rotation 90° = Around longitudinal axis Left Vagus Nerve = Innervates the anterior wall Right Vagus Nerve = Innervates the posterior wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions with the corresponding abnormality:

<p>Pyloric atresia = Obstruction leading to severe vomiting Duplications = Rare stomach malformations Prepyloric septum = Related to stomach abnormalities C-shaped duodenum = Result of stomach rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organs with their developmental origins:

<p>Spleen = Mesodermal proliferation Duodenum = Cephalic part of midgut Liver = Endodermal epithelium Pancreas = Head growth during duodenal formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the parts of the stomach with their movements during rotation:

<p>Caudal/Pyloric Part = Moves right and upward Cephalic/Cardiac Portion = Moves left and downward Anterior Portion = Grows slower Posterior Wall = Grows faster</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the mesenteries with their corresponding positions after stomach rotation:

<p>Dorsal Mesogastrium = Pulled to the left Ventral Mesogastrium = Pulled to the right Omental Bursa = Space behind the stomach Peritoneal Sac = Greater peritoneal space</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the functions of the vagus nerve with their roles:

<p>Left Vagus Nerve = Anterior wall innervation Right Vagus Nerve = Posterior wall innervation Cervical Branch = Supplies laryngeal muscles Thoracic Branch = Supports thoracic organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the statements about esophagus structure:

<p>Upper two-thirds = Striated muscular coat Lower third = Smooth muscular coat Innervated by Vagus = Upper two-thirds of esophagus Innervated by Splanchnic Plexus = Lower third of esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their definitions:

<p>Esophageal Atresia = Blockage of the esophagus Stenosis = Narrowing of the esophagus Hiatal Hernia = Stomach above diaphragm Mesogastrium = Attachment of stomach to body wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of cells with their primary functions:

<p>Hematopoietic cells = Blood cell formation Kupffer cells = Liver macrophages Connective tissue cells = Support and structure Epithelial cells = Lining surfaces and cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures formed by the septum transversum to their anatomical locations:

<p>Peritoneum of the liver = Surrounds liver and abdominal organs Falciform ligament = Attaches liver to diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall Lesser omentum = Connects liver to the stomach Central tendon of the diaphragm = Attaches the diaphragm to the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following pathologies with their descriptions:

<p>Extrahepatic biliary atresia = 15%-20% correctable defect Intrahepatic biliary duct atresia = Rare abnormality 1/100,000 live births Biliary atresia = Caused by fetal infections Liver transplant necessity = 80%-85% die without treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Bare area of the liver = Area in contact with the diaphragm Visceral peritoneum = Covers most organ surfaces Septum transversum = Mesodermal plate in embryonic development Hepatic sinusoids = Vascular spaces in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following embryological structures with their origins:

<p>Hematopoietic cells = Mesoderm Kupffer cells = Mesoderm Connective tissue cells = Mesoderm Liver epithelial cells = Endoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of the embryonic gut with their descriptions:

<p>Foregut = Develops into parts of the esophagus and respiratory system Midgut = Temporarily connected to the yolk sac via the vitelline duct Hindgut = Suspended from the abdominal wall by dorsal mesentery Mesenteries = Connect organs to the body wall and provide pathways for blood and nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of organs to their characteristics:

<p>Intraperitoneal organs = Enclosed by double layers of peritoneum Retroperitoneal organs = Lie against the posterior body wall Peritoneal ligaments = Double layers connecting organs or organ to the body wall Mesenteries = Provide pathways for vessels and nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following mesentery types with their locations:

<p>Dorsal mesogastrium = Greater omentum Dorsal mesoduodenum = Surrounds the duodenum Dorsal mesocolon = Attaches to the colon Mesentery proper = Suspends jejunum and ileum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures with their associated regions:

<p>Lesser omentum = Extends from stomach to liver Falciform ligament = Connects liver to ventral body wall Dorsal mesentery = Suspends foregut and hindgut Ventral mesentery = Exists only in the region of the esophagus and stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their corresponding types of folding:

<p>Lateral folding = Affects the formation of the gut tube Cephalocaudal folding = Important for head and tail development Both of them = Contributes to the division of the gut tube Neither = Not involved in gut tube formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following embryonic phases with their advancements:

<p>4th week = Development of the foregut begins 5th week = Dorsal mesentery suspends most of the gut Respiratory diverticulum = Appears at the ventral wall of the foregut Tracheoesophageal septum = Partitions the lung bud from the foregut</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to their definitions:

<p>Yolk sac = Connects to the midgut temporarily Vitelline duct = Also known as yolk stalk Abdominal wall = Supports the suspended gut tube Peritoneum = Lines the abdominal cavity and covers organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures to their roles in gut development:

<p>Dorsal mesentery = Suspends digestive organs from the abdominal wall Ventral mesentery = Only exists in specific gut regions Intrinsic growth = Facilitates the liver's development into mesenchyme Septum transversum = Divides the ventral mesentery</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Learning Outcomes

  • Understand embryonic folding processes that create the primitive gut and abdominal wall during the 3rd and 4th week.
  • Describe the development of pregut derivatives.
  • Explain the development of the coelomic and peritoneal cavities.
  • Discuss the fates of embryonic dorsal and ventral mesenteries.
  • Recognize why some abdominal organs have mesenteries while others are retroperitoneal.
  • Understand the positioning of the viscera and developmental causes of congenital gastrointestinal defects.

Embryonic Folding

  • During the 3rd and 4th weeks, ectoderm forms the neural plate, which rolls into the neural tube via neurulation.
  • The endoderm rolls down to form the gut tube, resulting in a tube-on-a-tube structure: neural tube dorsally and gut tube ventrally.
  • Mesoderm holds the two tubes together and splits into visceral and somatic layers, forming the lateral body wall.

Gut Tube Formation

  • Cephalocaudal and lateral folding create the primitive gut tube.
  • The primitive gut divides into foregut (cephalic), midgut (connected to yolk sac), and hindgut (caudal).

Mesenteries and Organ Suspension

  • Mesenteries (peritoneum) suspend some gut portions from the dorsal and ventral body wall.
  • Intraperitoneal organs are enclosed by double layers of peritoneum, connecting them to the body wall.
  • Retroperitoneal organs, such as kidneys, lie against the posterior wall with peritoneum only on the anterior surface.

Dorsal and Ventral Mesentery Development

  • The dorsal mesentery extends from the lower end of the esophagus to the cloacal region.
  • Dorsal mesogastrium forms the greater omentum; dorsal mesoduodenum and dorsal mesocolon also develop from the dorsal mesentery.
  • Ventral mesentery originates from the septum transversum and gives rise to the lesser omentum and falciform ligament.

Foregut Development

  • The respiratory diverticulum appears at the foregut's ventral wall, with the tracheoesophageal septum separating it from the dorsal foregut.
  • The esophagus rapidly lengthens, with varying muscular innervation: striated upper 2/3 by the vagus and smooth lower third by the splanchnic plexus.

Clinical Correlates: Esophageal Abnormalities

  • Esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula develops from anomalies during septum formation.
  • Esophageal stenosis primarily occurs in the lower third, linked to incomplete recanalization or vascular abnormalities.
  • Congenital hiatal hernia results from insufficient esophageal lengthening, pulling the stomach into the diaphragm.

Stomach Development

  • The stomach appears as a fusiform expansion of the foregut by the 4th week.
  • It undergoes 90° clockwise rotation around its longitudinal axis, altering the positions of its anterior and posterior walls.
  • Stomach rotation creates the omental bursa and affects mesogastrium position; the dorsal mesogastrium lengthens while the ventral moves right.

Stomach Abnormalities

  • Pyloric stenosis arises from hypertrophy of the pyloric musculature, causing severe food passage obstruction in infants.
  • Other rare stomach malformations include duplications and prepyloric septums.

Duodenum Development

  • Formed from the terminal foregut and cephalic midgut, the duodenum rotates into a C-shape during stomach development, becoming retroperitoneal.

Liver Development

  • The liver primordium appears in the 3rd week as an outgrowth from the endoderm at the foregut's distal end.
  • Liver cords differentiate into functional liver cells and structures for the biliary system, mixing with vitelline and umbilical veins.

Septum Transversum Contributions

  • Mesoderm of the septum transversum forms hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, connective tissues, peritoneum of the liver, falciform ligament, lesser omentum, and central tendon of the diaphragm.

Bare Area of the Liver

  • The liver's cranial surface remains uncovered by peritoneum, termed the bare area, while the rest is enveloped in visceral peritoneum.

Clinical Correlates: Biliary Atresia

  • Extrahepatic biliary atresia has low correctable defect rates, with most untreated cases leading to mortality without transplants.
  • Intrahepatic biliary duct atresia is a rare condition possibly linked to fetal infections, occurring in about 1 in 100,000 live births.

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Digestive System Embryology - Lecture Notes PDF

Description

Explore the complex processes of embryonic folding that lead to the development of the primitive gut and abdominal wall. This quiz covers the formation of the gut tube, the roles of different germ layers, and the implications for organ positioning and congenital defects. Test your understanding of how these early developmental stages shape gastrointestinal anatomy.

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