Embolus Types

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Questions and Answers

What is the most common type of embolus?

Air emboli

Tumor emboli

Thrombo-emboli (correct)

Fat emboli

What is the most common type of embolus?

Thrombo-emboli (correct)

Fat emboli

Air emboli

Tumor emboli

What is the mortality rate of amniotic fluid embolism?

30%

50%

40% (correct)

20%

What is the most common cause of pulmonary thrombo-embolism (PE)?

Venous emboli originating from deep leg veins below the knee Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between white infarcts and red infarcts?

White infarcts are usually seen in solid organs with end-arterial occlusion while red infarcts are not Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of systemic thromboembolism?

Arterial emboli originating from the heart Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of pulmonary thrombo-embolism (PE)?

Venous emboli originating from deep leg veins above the knee Signup and view all the answers

What is the mortality rate of amniotic fluid embolism?

Around 40% Signup and view all the answers

What is infarction?

Localized area of ischemic necrosis caused by sudden reduction or stoppage of arterial supply Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of systemic thromboembolism?

Emboli originating in the heart Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism that causes shock?

Reduced cardiac output or ineffective circulatory blood volume Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of infarctions?

White infarcts and red infarcts Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of aneurysms?

Atherosclerosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysms in women over the age of 50?

0.5-1.5% Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of aneurysms?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysms in men and women over the age of 50?

2-8% in men and 0.5-1.5% in women Signup and view all the answers

What are the treatment options for aneurysms?

Observation, surgical repair, and endovascular repair Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk of rupture as an aneurysm increases in size?

Increases Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of shock management?

To maintain enough blood supply to vital organs Signup and view all the answers

What can a ruptured aneurysm lead to?

Bleeding and subsequent hypovolemic shock Signup and view all the answers

What are the treatment options for aneurysms?

Observation, surgical repair, and endovascular repair Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk of rupture associated with aneurysms?

Increases as the aneurysm increases in size Signup and view all the answers

What is the prognosis for patients with aneurysms dependent on?

The location and size of the aneurysm Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism that causes fat embolism?

Severe skeletal fractures Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Embolus Types, Infarction, and Shock: A Detailed Summary

Embolus is a detached intravascular substance that can be solid, liquid, or gaseous, which travels through blood to a site away from its origin.
The most common type of embolus is thrombo-emboli, which is a detached complete thrombus or part of a thrombus. Other types of emboli include fat emboli, air emboli, atherosclerotic emboli, tumor emboli, and amniotic fluid emboli.
Emboli may lodge anywhere in the vascular tree, causing vascular obstruction and infarction of the tissue distal to the point of obstruction.
Pulmonary thrombo-embolism (PE) is a common and important preventable cause of death, with over 95% of cases caused by venous emboli originating from deep leg veins above the knee.
The clinical outcome of PE depends on the size of pulmonary artery occluded, the severity of occlusion, the number of occluding emboli, and the cardio-respiratory status of the patient.
Systemic thromboembolism is caused by emboli traveling within the arterial system, with over 80% of them originating in the heart, mostly associated with left ventricular infarction or vegetation on the valve.
Fat embolism occurs in about 90% of patients with severe skeletal fractures, with the potential to cause pulmonary insufficiency, neurologic symptoms, anemia, and thrombocytopenia, which can be fatal.
Air embolism can enter the circulation during obstetric procedures or as a consequence of chest wall injury, causing physical obstruction and occlusion of major vessels. Decompression sickness is a special type of air embolism seen in deep-sea divers.
Amniotic fluid embolism is a rare complication of labor, causing dyspnea, cyanosis, shock, and DIC, with a mortality rate of about 40%.
Infarction is a localized area of ischemic necrosis caused by sudden reduction or stoppage of arterial supply or less commonly obstruction to venous drainage.
Infarctions are divided into two types according to the amount of blood present in the tissue: white infarcts and red infarcts. The former is usually seen in solid organs with end-arterial occlusion, while the latter is associated with haemorrhage.
Septic infarcts occur when bacterial vegetation from a heart valve embolizes into the arterial system, and the infarct is converted into an abscess.
Shock is systemic hypoperfusion caused by reduced cardiac output or ineffective circulatory blood volume, which can be caused by different mechanisms, including cardiogenic, hypovolemic, septic, neurogenic, and anaphylactic shock.
Shock tends to be progressive and evolve through three stages: non-progressive (compensated) stage, progressive (decompensated) stage, and irreversible stage, with the aim of maintaining enough blood supply to vital organs.Aneurysms:
Aneurysms are localized abnormal dilatations in the wall of a blood vessel or the heart.
They can occur in any blood vessel, with examples including aneurysms of the circle of Willis in the brain, aortic aneurysms affecting the aorta, and abdominal aortic aneurysms.
Aneurysms are a result of a weakened blood vessel wall, and can be a result of a hereditary condition or an acquired disease.
As an aneurysm increases in size, the risk of rupture increases.
A ruptured aneurysm can lead to bleeding and subsequent hypovolemic shock, leading to death; this is likely to occur with the abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Cerebral aneurysm can be fatal by causing subarachnoid haemorrhage.
The prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysms is approximately 2-8% in men and 0.5-1.5% in women over the age of 50.
The risk factors for developing aneurysms include smoking, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and a family history of aneurysms.
Aneurysms are often asymptomatic and can be detected incidentally on imaging studies.
Treatment options for aneurysms include observation, surgical repair, and endovascular repair.
The decision to treat an aneurysm depends on various factors such as size, location, and the patient's overall health.
The prognosis for patients with aneurysms depends on the location and size of the aneurysm, as well as the patient's overall health and the presence of any complications.

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Description

Test your knowledge on Embolus Types, Infarction, and Shock with this detailed summary quiz. This quiz covers various types of emboli, their causes, and their potential outcomes. It also includes information on infarctions, aneurysms, and shock, including their causes, symptoms, and treatment options. Take this quiz to assess your understanding of these critical medical conditions and to learn more about how they impact the body.