Embedded Systems Storage Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between RAM and ROM in embedded systems?

RAM is volatile and holds temporary programs and data, while ROM is non-volatile and contains essential programs that remain in memory.

Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of using Magnetic HDDs for storage.

An advantage of Magnetic HDDs is their large capacity, while a disadvantage is that they are not very durable compared to other storage types.

Explain how secondary storage can function as virtual memory in a system.

When RAM is full, secondary storage can be used to hold data temporarily, allowing the system to manage larger workloads than the physical RAM can accommodate.

What is the main benefit of using Solid State Drives (SSDs) compared to Magnetic HDDs?

<p>SSDs offer fast read and write speeds and are more durable due to having no moving parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the term 'bit' and explain its significance in digital storage.

<p>A bit is the smallest unit of data in computing, representing two states (0 and 1), and is fundamental to digital storage systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a DNS server play when a URL is entered?

<p>A DNS server translates the URL into its corresponding IP address.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the main purpose of cloud services in networking.

<p>Cloud services host resources or files that can be accessed through the internet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a protocol, and why is it important in networking?

<p>A protocol is a set of agreed rules that enables devices to communicate and ensures compatibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe one method of network attack and provide an example.

<p>One method of network attack is SQL injection, where an attacker can control a database via user input.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Denial of Service (DoS) attacks and their typical methods?

<p>DoS attacks overwhelm a server by flooding it with bogus data, causing it to crash.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a Local Area Network (LAN) from a Wide Area Network (WAN)?

<p>A LAN covers a small geographical area, while a WAN spans larger geographic distances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how device collisions affect network performance.

<p>More devices transmitting increases the likelihood of collisions, leading to decreased network efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does bandwidth play in a network?

<p>Bandwidth is the maximum amount of data that can be transferred simultaneously across the network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between star and mesh topologies.

<p>In a star topology, all devices connect through a central hub, while a mesh topology has redundant connections among devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a client-server model function in a network?

<p>In a client-server model, clients send requests to a server that processes these requests and returns the required data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of place value when converting binary to hexadecimal?

<p>Place value helps in understanding the weight of each digit in binary and how it maps to the corresponding hexadecimal value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how an overflow error occurs in binary addition.

<p>An overflow error occurs when the sum of binary digits exceeds the storage capacity, causing a loss of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between lossy and lossless compression.

<p>Lossy compression permanently removes some data to reduce file size, while lossless compression retains all original data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bits does ASCII use for each character, and why is this important?

<p>ASCII uses 8 bits per character, which allows for the representation of 256 different characters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does resolution play in image compression?

<p>Resolution determines the number of pixels in an image, impacting the file size and the detail in the image when compressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the ALU play inside the CPU?

<p>The ALU carries out arithmetic and logic operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Program Counter (PC) in the CPU?

<p>The PC holds the address of the next instruction to be fetched.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of cache memory in relation to overall system performance.

<p>Cache memory holds frequently accessed data to reduce reliance on slower RAM.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the fetch-execute cycle in a CPU.

<p>The fetch-execute cycle involves fetching an instruction from memory, interpreting it, and then carrying it out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does clock speed impact the fetch-execute cycle?

<p>Clock speed determines how fast the fetch-execute cycle is executed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of data compression, and how do they differ?

<p>The two types of data compression are lossless and lossy compression. Lossless compression preserves all original data, while lossy compression reduces file size by eliminating some data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the main purpose of defragmentation in hard drives.

<p>Defragmentation rearranges fragmented files on a magnetic hard drive to improve access speed. It minimizes the distance the read/write head needs to move, enhancing performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What requirements does the Data Protection Act impose on handling personal data?

<p>The Data Protection Act requires that personal data be kept secure, individuals must give consent, and they have rights to access their data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does open source software relate to ethical issues?

<p>Open source software raises ethical issues concerning data handling and user privacy, as it allows for modifications and the potential misuse of data collected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some cultural implications of limited access to information?

<p>Limited access to information can marginalize groups, hindering their ability to participate in society, make informed decisions, and advocate for rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of penetration testing in cybersecurity?

<p>To simulate an attack to identify vulnerabilities and issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do firewalls work and what can limit their effectiveness?

<p>Firewalls check packets, but some can be bypassed if they don't meet specific criteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of physical security measures?

<p>CON locks and security staff.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how anti-malware software functions.

<p>It scans for known malware and removes it from the system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does data encryption achieve?

<p>It scrambles data so that only those with a key can decrypt and understand it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Embedded Systems

  • Embedded systems are designed for specific functions, providing simplicity in operation.

Storage

  • Primary storage:
    • RAM: Volatile memory for active programs and data.
    • ROM: Non-volatile memory for essential system programs.
  • Secondary storage:
    • Large, non-volatile, long-term storage for programs.
    • Acts as virtual memory when RAM is insufficient.

Magnetic HDD

  • Utilizes varying magnetic polarities for data storage.
  • Offers large storage capacity but is slow and less durable.

Dup

  • Employs different light reflections for data storage.
  • Portable and reliable but has limited capacity.

Solid State (SSD)

  • Comprised solely of electronic components.
  • Features fast read/write speeds and is highly durable.

Bit Sizes

  • Progression from bit to gigabyte:
    • Bit, Nibble, Byte, Kibibyte, Mebibyte, Gigabyte.
  • Multipliers increase by powers of ten or two.

Images

  • Key factors: Resolution, Colour depth, Bits per Pixel.
  • Representation methods include size, file type, and format.

Place Value

  • Utilize binary to hexadecimal conversion blocks for clarity:
    • Illustrates how binary numbers correspond to hexadecimal values.

Binary Addition

  • Simple addition rules for binary:
    • 1 + 1 = 0 (with carry).
    • 1 + 1 + 1 = 1 (with carry).

Overflow Error

  • Occurs when results exceed storage capacity, leading to data loss or errors.

Character Sets

  • Character sets group signals and encode data for representation.
  • Two main types:
    • ASCII (8 bits per character).
    • Unicode (for complex characters).

Compression

  • Reduces file sizes through various techniques:
    • Lossy compression: Permanently deletes data.
    • Lossless compression: Preserves all information.

Computer Networks

  • Types of Networks:
    • LAN: Local Area Network for small scale connectivity.
    • WAN: Wide Area Network for larger geographical coverage.
  • Network performance relies on bandwidth availability.
  • Protocols: Set of rules for device communication.
  • Examples include TCP, IP, HTTP, SMTP, and Bluetooth.

Network Security

  • Includes understanding attacks like SQL Injection and brute force.
  • Security measures involve firewalls, anti-malware, and penetration testing.
  • Physical security includes locks and monitoring.

Operating System (OS) Systems Software

  • Manages hardware and software resources, including memory and files.

Utility Software

  • Includes encryption for secure data handling.
  • Data compression options affect file size with lossy or lossless methods.
  • Defragmentation optimizes magnetic hard drive performance.
  • Legal Issues:
    • Data Protection Act ensures personal data security and individual rights.
    • Copyright laws protect intellectual property rights.
  • Cultural Issues:
    • Low access to information impacts certain groups negatively.
  • Environmental Issues:
    • Technology's environmental impact can be mitigated with control measures.

Systems Architecture

  • Inside CPU:
    • ALU: Executes arithmetic and logic operations.
    • CU: Controls the fetch-decode-execute cycle.
    • Cache: Fast memory for frequently accessed data.
  • Registers:
    • MAR: Memory Address Register for fetching locations.
    • MOR: Memory Output Register for fetched data.
    • PC: Program Counter pointing to the next instruction.
    • Accumulator: Stores ALU results.

Fetch - Execute Cycle

  • Sequence for instruction processing involving fetching, interpreting, and executing commands.

Character Specs

  • Clock Speed: Determines the operational speed of the CPU.
  • Memory Size: Larger memory allows for faster data access and processing.

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Description

Test your knowledge on embedded systems and their storage types, including primary and secondary storage. Explore key concepts such as RAM, ROM, and the purpose of magnetic HDDs in these systems. This quiz will enhance your understanding of how these elements work together in embedded systems.

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