Electronics: Circuit Analysis and Filters

Measurements and Rectifiers

• Resistance cannot be measured without a voltmeter.
• Rectifiers convert Alternating Current (AC) to Direct Current (DC).

Filters and Clippers

• The smaller the bandwidth, the better the quality.
• Clipping of clippers occurs when the input signal exceeds a certain voltage, which depends on the quality of the clipper.
• Shift of clampers occurs when the input signal exceeds a certain voltage, which depends on the quality of the clamper.
• Clampers change the position of the wave up and down.
• In bandpass filters, the gain (Av) is equal to 1/3.
• The cutoff frequency is obtained from the gain (Av).

Op-Amp Configurations

• In negative feedback op-amp, the voltage at the non-inverting input (V+) is equal to the voltage at the inverting input (V-).
• In non-inverting amplifiers, the gain (Av) is equal to Rf/R.
• To achieve a gain of 6 in a non-inverting amplifier, R and Rf should be 2 and 20, respectively.

Clippers and Ripple Factor

• The ripple factor is inversely proportional to the frequency.
• Batteries do not affect the clipper.

Clipping and Filtering

• A 5-shift of clampers occurs when the input voltage is 10V - 5V, which depends on the quality of the clampers.

Wave Shaping

• 6 clampers can change the position of the wave up and down, which is a function of time (t).

cutoff Frequency

• The cutoff frequency can be obtained from the gain (Av) as a function of time (t).

Bandpass Filter

• In a bandpass filter, the gain (Av) is equal to 1/3, and the phase is 90 degrees.

Negative Feedback Op-Amp

• In a negative feedback op-amp, the voltage at the non-inverting input (V+) is equal to the voltage at the inverting input (V-), and the output voltage to input voltage ratio (Vo/Vi) is equal to the resistance ratio (Rc/R1).

Lowpass Filter

• In a lowpass filter, the output voltage (Vo) proceeds the input voltage (Vi) as a function of frequency (f).

Clipper Circuit

• The battery does not affect the clipper circuit, which is a function of frequency (f).

Ripple Factor

• The ripple factor is inversely proportional to the frequency, which means that as the frequency increases, the ripple factor decreases.

Non-Inverting Amplifier

• To achieve a gain (Av) of 6 in a non-inverting amplifier, the resistances R and Rf should be chosen respectively, such as 2 and 20, or 5 and 10, or 1 and 10, etc.