Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of Coenzyme Q in the electron transport chain?
What is the primary role of Coenzyme Q in the electron transport chain?
- To pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- To directly oxidize NADH.
- To act as a mobile carrier of electrons between protein complexes. (correct)
- To directly reduce oxygen to form water.
Which of the following describes the flow of electrons through Complex I?
Which of the following describes the flow of electrons through Complex I?
- FMN → NADH → Fe-S → UQ
- NADH → FMN → UQ → Fe-S
- NADH → FMN → Fe-S → UQ (correct)
- NADH → UQ → FMN → Fe-S
What is the net effect of Complex II activity on the electron transport chain?
What is the net effect of Complex II activity on the electron transport chain?
- Pumping protons from the cytosol to the matrix.
- Reducing ubiquinone and pumping protons.
- Oxidizing succinate and reducing ubiquinone. (correct)
- Oxidizing FADH2 and reducing NADH.
Which enzyme directly links the TCA cycle to the electron transport chain by supplying electrons to Coenzyme Q?
Which enzyme directly links the TCA cycle to the electron transport chain by supplying electrons to Coenzyme Q?
How does electron transfer in Complex I contribute to the establishment of a proton gradient?
How does electron transfer in Complex I contribute to the establishment of a proton gradient?
Which component of Complex II directly reduces ubiquinone (CoQ)?
Which component of Complex II directly reduces ubiquinone (CoQ)?
What is the role of the long helical rod (HL) in Complex I during electron transfer?
What is the role of the long helical rod (HL) in Complex I during electron transfer?
In addition to Complex II, what other enzymes supply electrons to ubiquinone (CoQ)?
In addition to Complex II, what other enzymes supply electrons to ubiquinone (CoQ)?
Which subunits are typically found in most organisms and are sufficient for both oxygen reduction and proton transport?
Which subunits are typically found in most organisms and are sufficient for both oxygen reduction and proton transport?
What is the function of cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV) in the electron transport chain?
What is the function of cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV) in the electron transport chain?
What is the potential advantage of electron transport complexes forming supercomplexes (respirasomes)?
What is the potential advantage of electron transport complexes forming supercomplexes (respirasomes)?
According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis proposed by Peter Mitchell, what directly drives ATP synthesis?
According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis proposed by Peter Mitchell, what directly drives ATP synthesis?
In the model for the electron transport pathway, what is the role of ubiquinone (UQ/UQH2) and cytochrome c (cyt c)?
In the model for the electron transport pathway, what is the role of ubiquinone (UQ/UQH2) and cytochrome c (cyt c)?
What was the traditional view of how electron transport chain complexes functioned before the discovery of supercomplexes?
What was the traditional view of how electron transport chain complexes functioned before the discovery of supercomplexes?
What critical evidence did Stoeckenius and Racker provide in their experiment to support the Mitchell chemiosmotic hypothesis?
What critical evidence did Stoeckenius and Racker provide in their experiment to support the Mitchell chemiosmotic hypothesis?
In the context of the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis, what does the term 'chemiosmotic' refer to?
In the context of the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis, what does the term 'chemiosmotic' refer to?
In chemiosmotic coupling, what two components contribute to the free energy difference for protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
In chemiosmotic coupling, what two components contribute to the free energy difference for protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Which of the following best describes the function of the F0 component of ATP synthase?
Which of the following best describes the function of the F0 component of ATP synthase?
Which subunits constitute the rotating portion (rotor) of the ATP synthase motor?
Which subunits constitute the rotating portion (rotor) of the ATP synthase motor?
According to Boyer's binding change mechanism, what is the state of the three β-subunits of F1 at any given instant?
According to Boyer's binding change mechanism, what is the state of the three β-subunits of F1 at any given instant?
How does the rotation of the c-ring in ATP synthase contribute to ATP synthesis?
How does the rotation of the c-ring in ATP synthase contribute to ATP synthesis?
What is the role of the a-subunit in the F0 complex of ATP synthase?
What is the role of the a-subunit in the F0 complex of ATP synthase?
How was it demonstrated that a proton gradient is sufficient to drive ATP synthesis?
How was it demonstrated that a proton gradient is sufficient to drive ATP synthesis?
In a redox reaction, if substance A has a more negative standard reduction potential ($\varepsilon$o) than substance B, which statement is correct?
In a redox reaction, if substance A has a more negative standard reduction potential ($\varepsilon$o) than substance B, which statement is correct?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the F1 component of ATP synthase?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the F1 component of ATP synthase?
Consider a hypothetical redox reaction where compound X reduces compound Y. Given their standard reduction potentials are $\varepsilon$o(X) = -0.25 V and $\varepsilon$o(Y) = +0.15 V, what is the standard cell potential ($\Delta\varepsilon$o) for the overall reaction?
Consider a hypothetical redox reaction where compound X reduces compound Y. Given their standard reduction potentials are $\varepsilon$o(X) = -0.25 V and $\varepsilon$o(Y) = +0.15 V, what is the standard cell potential ($\Delta\varepsilon$o) for the overall reaction?
The Nernst equation describes the relationship between cell potential and reaction quotient. Which scenario would result in a cell potential equal to the standard cell potential ($\varepsilon = \varepsilon$o)?
The Nernst equation describes the relationship between cell potential and reaction quotient. Which scenario would result in a cell potential equal to the standard cell potential ($\varepsilon = \varepsilon$o)?
In a concentration cell, voltage is generated based on differences in concentration. For a cell with Zn/Zn2+ half-cells at different concentrations, which change would increase the cell potential?
In a concentration cell, voltage is generated based on differences in concentration. For a cell with Zn/Zn2+ half-cells at different concentrations, which change would increase the cell potential?
In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed between various protein complexes. What role do coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) and cytochrome c play?
In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed between various protein complexes. What role do coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) and cytochrome c play?
Given the following half-reactions and their standard reduction potentials:
$NAD^+ + 2H^+ + 2e^- \rightarrow NADH + H^+ \varepsilon o' = -0.32V$
$\frac{1}{2}O_2 + 2H^+ + 2e^- \rightarrow H_2O \varepsilon o' = +0.816V$
What is the standard free energy change ($\Delta Go'$) for the oxidation of NADH by oxygen?
Given the following half-reactions and their standard reduction potentials:
$NAD^+ + 2H^+ + 2e^- \rightarrow NADH + H^+ \varepsilon o' = -0.32V$ $\frac{1}{2}O_2 + 2H^+ + 2e^- \rightarrow H_2O \varepsilon o' = +0.816V$
What is the standard free energy change ($\Delta Go'$) for the oxidation of NADH by oxygen?
During the transfer of electrons down the electron transport chain, energy is released. What is the general trend regarding the energy levels of electrons as they move through the chain?
During the transfer of electrons down the electron transport chain, energy is released. What is the general trend regarding the energy levels of electrons as they move through the chain?
In the citric acid cycle, isocitrate is converted to $\alpha$-ketoglutarate, coupled with the reduction of $NAD^+$ to NADH. Given the following reduction potentials:
$NAD^+ + 2H^+ + 2e^- \rightleftharpoons NADH + H^+ \varepsilon o' = -0.32V$
$\alpha-Ketoglutarate + CO_2 + 2e^- \rightleftharpoons Isocitrate \varepsilon o' = -0.38V$
What is the $\Delta Go'$ for this reaction?
In the citric acid cycle, isocitrate is converted to $\alpha$-ketoglutarate, coupled with the reduction of $NAD^+$ to NADH. Given the following reduction potentials:
$NAD^+ + 2H^+ + 2e^- \rightleftharpoons NADH + H^+ \varepsilon o' = -0.32V$ $\alpha-Ketoglutarate + CO_2 + 2e^- \rightleftharpoons Isocitrate \varepsilon o' = -0.38V$
What is the $\Delta Go'$ for this reaction?
In the context of ATP synthase, what is the primary role of the flow of protons?
In the context of ATP synthase, what is the primary role of the flow of protons?
According to Boyer's binding change mechanism, what are the three distinct conformational states of the active sites in the F1 portion of ATP synthase?
According to Boyer's binding change mechanism, what are the three distinct conformational states of the active sites in the F1 portion of ATP synthase?
How does rotenone, a known inhibitor, affect the electron transport chain?
How does rotenone, a known inhibitor, affect the electron transport chain?
Cyanide is a potent inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation. What is its specific mechanism of action?
Cyanide is a potent inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation. What is its specific mechanism of action?
Oligomycin is an inhibitor that directly targets:
Oligomycin is an inhibitor that directly targets:
Which of the following drugs has been shown to inhibit Complex I of the electron transport system?
Which of the following drugs has been shown to inhibit Complex I of the electron transport system?
What is the effect of Amytal on the electron transport chain?
What is the effect of Amytal on the electron transport chain?
How would blocking Complex I directly impact ATP synthesis?
How would blocking Complex I directly impact ATP synthesis?
What is the primary role of the Q cycle in Complex III of the electron transport chain?
What is the primary role of the Q cycle in Complex III of the electron transport chain?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the roles of ubiquinol (UQH2) and cytochrome c in the electron transport chain?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the roles of ubiquinol (UQH2) and cytochrome c in the electron transport chain?
Cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV) uses electrons from cytochrome c to catalyze which of the following reactions?
Cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV) uses electrons from cytochrome c to catalyze which of the following reactions?
What is the role of the hemes $b_L$ and $b_H$ within the b cytochrome of Complex III?
What is the role of the hemes $b_L$ and $b_H$ within the b cytochrome of Complex III?
How many protons are translocated across the inner mitochondrial membrane by Cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV) during each catalytic cycle?
How many protons are translocated across the inner mitochondrial membrane by Cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV) during each catalytic cycle?
In Complex IV, what is the final destination of electrons that originate from cytochrome c?
In Complex IV, what is the final destination of electrons that originate from cytochrome c?
Cytochrome c contains a heme group with a central iron atom. What is the function of this iron atom?
Cytochrome c contains a heme group with a central iron atom. What is the function of this iron atom?
Which of the following is a critical characteristic that allows cytochrome c to function effectively in the electron transport chain?
Which of the following is a critical characteristic that allows cytochrome c to function effectively in the electron transport chain?
Within Complex I, what is the correct sequence of electron transfer between the following components?
Within Complex I, what is the correct sequence of electron transfer between the following components?
What is the net number of protons that Complex I translocates across the inner mitochondrial membrane for every two electrons transferred from NADH to Coenzyme Q?
What is the net number of protons that Complex I translocates across the inner mitochondrial membrane for every two electrons transferred from NADH to Coenzyme Q?
In Complex II, what is the immediate electron acceptor from FADH2 generated during succinate oxidation?
In Complex II, what is the immediate electron acceptor from FADH2 generated during succinate oxidation?
Why is Complex II unable to directly contribute to the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, unlike Complexes I, III, and IV?
Why is Complex II unable to directly contribute to the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, unlike Complexes I, III, and IV?
How do fatty-acyl CoA dehydrogenases contribute to the electron transport chain?
How do fatty-acyl CoA dehydrogenases contribute to the electron transport chain?
How does the conformational change in the long helical rod (HL) of Complex I facilitate proton translocation?
How does the conformational change in the long helical rod (HL) of Complex I facilitate proton translocation?
Which of the following best describes the function of the Fe-S clusters in both Complex I and Complex II of the electron transport chain?
Which of the following best describes the function of the Fe-S clusters in both Complex I and Complex II of the electron transport chain?
Which component of Complex II is covalently bound?
Which component of Complex II is covalently bound?
What is the net outcome of the Q cycle in Complex III regarding the oxidation and reduction of Coenzyme Q (CoQ) and Cytochrome c?
What is the net outcome of the Q cycle in Complex III regarding the oxidation and reduction of Coenzyme Q (CoQ) and Cytochrome c?
Within Complex III, what is the specific role of the b cytochrome, particularly with its hemes $b_L$ and $b_H$?
Within Complex III, what is the specific role of the b cytochrome, particularly with its hemes $b_L$ and $b_H$?
Why is ubiquinol (UQH2) a suitable electron carrier within the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Why is ubiquinol (UQH2) a suitable electron carrier within the inner mitochondrial membrane?
How does the structure of cytochrome c facilitate its role as a mobile electron carrier?
How does the structure of cytochrome c facilitate its role as a mobile electron carrier?
What distinguishes cytochromes from other electron carriers like Fe-S clusters in the electron transport chain regarding their electron transfer capabilities?
What distinguishes cytochromes from other electron carriers like Fe-S clusters in the electron transport chain regarding their electron transfer capabilities?
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, and what product is formed by its reduction?
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, and what product is formed by its reduction?
Besides reducing oxygen to water, what other crucial function does cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV) perform to contribute to the proton gradient?
Besides reducing oxygen to water, what other crucial function does cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV) perform to contribute to the proton gradient?
How many protons are directly involved in the reduction of one molecule of oxygen by Cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV), and how many protons are translocated across the inner mitochondrial membrane during this process?
How many protons are directly involved in the reduction of one molecule of oxygen by Cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV), and how many protons are translocated across the inner mitochondrial membrane during this process?
What is the functional significance of the three largest subunits (I, II, and III) that are common to most organisms in the context of Complex IV?
What is the functional significance of the three largest subunits (I, II, and III) that are common to most organisms in the context of Complex IV?
How does cytochrome c interact with Complex IV to facilitate electron transfer?
How does cytochrome c interact with Complex IV to facilitate electron transfer?
What advantage do supercomplexes (respirasomes) potentially offer over independently functioning electron transport chain complexes?
What advantage do supercomplexes (respirasomes) potentially offer over independently functioning electron transport chain complexes?
What is the primary role of ubiquinone ($UQ/UQH_2$) and cytochrome c (cyt c) in the electron transport pathway?
What is the primary role of ubiquinone ($UQ/UQH_2$) and cytochrome c (cyt c) in the electron transport pathway?
What fundamental principle did Peter Mitchell propose to explain the coupling of oxidation and phosphorylation in ATP synthesis?
What fundamental principle did Peter Mitchell propose to explain the coupling of oxidation and phosphorylation in ATP synthesis?
According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis, how is the proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain utilized to produce ATP?
According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis, how is the proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain utilized to produce ATP?
What was the key finding of the Stoeckenius and Racker experiment that supported the chemiosmotic hypothesis?
What was the key finding of the Stoeckenius and Racker experiment that supported the chemiosmotic hypothesis?
In the experiment conducted by Stoeckenius and Racker, which two components were reconstituted into artificial vesicles to demonstrate the chemiosmotic hypothesis?
In the experiment conducted by Stoeckenius and Racker, which two components were reconstituted into artificial vesicles to demonstrate the chemiosmotic hypothesis?
How do uncouplers directly affect the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis?
How do uncouplers directly affect the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis?
Why is the movement of ATP out of the mitochondria and ADP into the mitochondria considered equivalent to the movement of a proton into the matrix?
Why is the movement of ATP out of the mitochondria and ADP into the mitochondria considered equivalent to the movement of a proton into the matrix?
What is the effect of uncoupling agents on the rate of oxygen consumption in the mitochondria?
What is the effect of uncoupling agents on the rate of oxygen consumption in the mitochondria?
How does the ATP-ADP translocase contribute to the overall proton motive force required for ATP synthesis?
How does the ATP-ADP translocase contribute to the overall proton motive force required for ATP synthesis?
What is the P/O ratio when electrons from FADH2 (produced by succinate dehydrogenase) enter the electron transport chain?
What is the P/O ratio when electrons from FADH2 (produced by succinate dehydrogenase) enter the electron transport chain?
How does the cellular location of NADH (cytosolic vs. mitochondrial) affect its contribution to ATP synthesis, and what mechanisms facilitate the use of cytosolic NADH for oxidative phosphorylation?
How does the cellular location of NADH (cytosolic vs. mitochondrial) affect its contribution to ATP synthesis, and what mechanisms facilitate the use of cytosolic NADH for oxidative phosphorylation?
During hibernation, animals uncouple oxidative phosphorylation to generate heat. What is the most direct mechanism by which this uncoupling increases heat production?
During hibernation, animals uncouple oxidative phosphorylation to generate heat. What is the most direct mechanism by which this uncoupling increases heat production?
Imagine an experiment where the ATP-ADP translocase is inhibited. What would be the MOST immediate consequence within the mitochondria?
Imagine an experiment where the ATP-ADP translocase is inhibited. What would be the MOST immediate consequence within the mitochondria?
How does the electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane store energy?
How does the electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane store energy?
Which component of the ATP synthase complex forms the channel through which protons flow to drive ATP synthesis?
Which component of the ATP synthase complex forms the channel through which protons flow to drive ATP synthesis?
What role do the a- and b-subunits play in the F0 component of ATP synthase?
What role do the a- and b-subunits play in the F0 component of ATP synthase?
How does the rotation of the c-ring in ATP synthase facilitate ATP synthesis?
How does the rotation of the c-ring in ATP synthase facilitate ATP synthesis?
According to Boyer's binding change mechanism, what is the relationship between the three $\beta$-subunits of F1 at any given moment?
According to Boyer's binding change mechanism, what is the relationship between the three $\beta$-subunits of F1 at any given moment?
In the context of the rotating molecular motor of ATP synthase, what is the role of the stalk formed by the b-, d-, and h-subunits?
In the context of the rotating molecular motor of ATP synthase, what is the role of the stalk formed by the b-, d-, and h-subunits?
How do protons move from the inlet half-channel to the outlet half-channel in the a-subunit of ATP synthase?
How do protons move from the inlet half-channel to the outlet half-channel in the a-subunit of ATP synthase?
What is the immediate consequence of proton entry into the inlet half-channel of the a-subunit in ATP synthase?
What is the immediate consequence of proton entry into the inlet half-channel of the a-subunit in ATP synthase?
According to Boyer's binding change mechanism, how do the three active sites in the F1 portion of ATP synthase function?
According to Boyer's binding change mechanism, how do the three active sites in the F1 portion of ATP synthase function?
How does the flow of protons through ATP synthase contribute to ATP production?
How does the flow of protons through ATP synthase contribute to ATP production?
What is the significance of John Walker's determination of the F1 portion structure of ATP synthase?
What is the significance of John Walker's determination of the F1 portion structure of ATP synthase?
How does rotenone, a common inhibitor, affect the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis?
How does rotenone, a common inhibitor, affect the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis?
How do cyanide, azide, and carbon monoxide (CO) inhibit the electron transport chain?
How do cyanide, azide, and carbon monoxide (CO) inhibit the electron transport chain?
What is the specific mechanism by which oligomycin inhibits ATP synthase?
What is the specific mechanism by which oligomycin inhibits ATP synthase?
Which complex of the electron transport chain is targeted by Amytal and Demerol?
Which complex of the electron transport chain is targeted by Amytal and Demerol?
How may a naturally occurring substance such as rotenone, be useful as an inhibitor of Complex I?
How may a naturally occurring substance such as rotenone, be useful as an inhibitor of Complex I?
Flashcards
Coenzyme Q
Coenzyme Q
A mobile electron carrier that participates in the electron transport chain.
Complex I
Complex I
Also known as NADH-CoQ Reductase or NADH dehydrogenase, it catalyzes electron transfer from NADH to Coenzyme Q.
Electron Path in Complex I
Electron Path in Complex I
NADH → FMN → Fe-S → UQ → FeS → UQ
Proton Transport by Complex I
Proton Transport by Complex I
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Complex II
Complex II
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Electron Path in Complex II
Electron Path in Complex II
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Fatty-Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenases
Fatty-Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenases
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Proton Pumping by Complex II
Proton Pumping by Complex II
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Redox Potential (â„°o)
Redox Potential (â„°o)
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Maximum Positive Voltage
Maximum Positive Voltage
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Nernst Equation
Nernst Equation
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Concentration Cell
Concentration Cell
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Electron Flow in ETC
Electron Flow in ETC
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ETC Components
ETC Components
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Coenzyme Q (CoQ)
Coenzyme Q (CoQ)
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ΔG' Calculation
ΔG' Calculation
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Complex IV Function
Complex IV Function
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Supercomplexes
Supercomplexes
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UQ/UQH2 and Cyt c
UQ/UQH2 and Cyt c
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Mitchell Hypothesis
Mitchell Hypothesis
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Proton Gradient
Proton Gradient
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Racker and Stoeckenius Experiment
Racker and Stoeckenius Experiment
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Complex I Subunits
Complex I Subunits
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Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
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Q cycle
Q cycle
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b cytochrome
b cytochrome
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Cytochrome c
Cytochrome c
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Oxygen (O2)
Oxygen (O2)
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hemes a and a3 and copper sites
hemes a and a3 and copper sites
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Cytochrome c Oxidase
Cytochrome c Oxidase
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F1 portion of ATP synthase
F1 portion of ATP synthase
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Binding change mechanism
Binding change mechanism
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Rotenone
Rotenone
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Cyanide, Azide, CO
Cyanide, Azide, CO
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Oligomycin
Oligomycin
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Amytal
Amytal
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Demerol
Demerol
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ATP Synthase
ATP Synthase
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Bacteriorhodopsin
Bacteriorhodopsin
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Electrochemical Gradient
Electrochemical Gradient
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F0 Subunit
F0 Subunit
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F1 Subunit
F1 Subunit
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c-ring
c-ring
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Rotor
Rotor
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Stator
Stator
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Oxygen's Role
Oxygen's Role
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Cytochrome c Binding Site
Cytochrome c Binding Site
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NADH-CoQ Reductase (Complex I)
NADH-CoQ Reductase (Complex I)
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Complex I Composition
Complex I Composition
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Complexes I, II, and III
Complexes I, II, and III
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Respirasomes
Respirasomes
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Succinate-CoQ Reductase (Complex II)
Succinate-CoQ Reductase (Complex II)
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UQ/UQH2 and Cytochrome c
UQ/UQH2 and Cytochrome c
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Racker and Stoeckenius
Racker and Stoeckenius
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Bacteriorhodopsin Function
Bacteriorhodopsin Function
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Electrochemical Gradient Energy
Electrochemical Gradient Energy
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Proton Gradient Equation
Proton Gradient Equation
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ATP Synthase Components
ATP Synthase Components
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F1 Composition
F1 Composition
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F0 Composition
F0 Composition
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ATP Synthase Rotor
ATP Synthase Rotor
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Boyer's Binding Change Mechanism
Boyer's Binding Change Mechanism
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Walker’s crystal structure of F1
Walker’s crystal structure of F1
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Proton Flow in ATP Synthase
Proton Flow in ATP Synthase
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Uncouplers of ETC
Uncouplers of ETC
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How uncouplers work
How uncouplers work
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Heat Generation by Uncoupling
Heat Generation by Uncoupling
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ATP-ADP Translocase
ATP-ADP Translocase
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Charge difference
Charge difference
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ATP-ADP Translocase Cost
ATP-ADP Translocase Cost
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P/O Ratio
P/O Ratio
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P/O Ratio Calculation (NADH)
P/O Ratio Calculation (NADH)
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