28 Questions
What is the amount of ATP formed when protons and electrons enter the ETC from the FADH2+ coenzyme?
12
Which complex is involved in the synthesis of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation?
ATP synthase
What occurs when tissue respiration and oxidative phosphorylation are uncoupled?
The formation of ATP decreases and the release of energy in the form of heat increases
Which compound is an inhibitor of tissue respiration and oxidative phosphorylation?
Dicumarol
What process occurs after the isolation of tissue respiration uncouplers?
ATP synthesis slows down
What process leads to the disappearance of the electrochemical potential and the termination of ATP synthesis?
Uncoupling of tissue respiration and oxidative phosphorylation
Which vitamin is responsible for inactivating an oxidized product, a lipid radical, by electron transfer?
Vitamin B
What is the phenomenon characterized by a sharp increase in oxygen consumption in phagocytic cells?
Respiratory burst
Which enzyme converts arginine to citrulline in macrophages?
Nitric oxide synthase
What enzyme is involved in the formation of peroxynitrite ONOO- from NO with strong bactericidal properties?
Superoxide dismutase
Which compound is necessary for the conversion of O2 to H2O2 and forms O2- and OH- for bacterial cell destruction?
Catalase
What particles are involved in protecting the body from bacteria in phagocytic cells?
Superoxide and hydroxyl radical
What feature distinguishes cytochrome oxidase from other enzymes in the electron transport chain?
Presence of Cu^2+
Which enzyme of the respiratory chain contains cytochromes a and a3?
Cytochrome oxidase
Which enzyme in the electron transport chain has an active center that includes atoms of iron and copper?
Cytochrome oxidase
What is the final electron acceptor in the respiratory chain?
Oxygen
Which enzyme in the electron transport chain does not contain cytochromes?
NADH dehydrogenase
Which compound, synthesized from an intermediate product of glycolysis, plays a significant role in regulating oxygen binding to hemoglobin?
2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)
Which compound in erythrocytes reduces the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen by binding to the central cavity of the hemoglobin tetramer?
2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)
What is the primary regulator of oxygen binding to hemoglobin in tissues, promoting the release of oxygen from hemoglobin?
CO2 / H+
How does an increase in the concentration of H+ affect the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
Decreases affinity
Which factor enhances the function of releasing oxygen from hemoglobin in tissues?
Low PO2
Which regulator enhances the function of releasing oxygen from hemoglobin in tissues?
Increase in hydrogen ion (H+)
Which amino acid residues in deoxyhemoglobin protomers bind to 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate?
Positively charged amino acids
What are the conditions for accelerating the formation of 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate in erythrocytes?
Decrease in PO2
Which compound is the hydrogen atom donor in the reduction of glutathione (GSSG → 2 G-SH)?
NADPH
What is the process occurring in erythrocytes that causes a change in the hemoglobin polypeptide chain with an increase in the content of reactive oxygen species?
Oxidation of S-H group
Which enzyme converts 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate in red blood cells?
Bisphosphoglycerate mutase
Test your knowledge on the enzymes involved in the electron transport chain, including cytochrome oxidase and other key enzymes. Identify unique features and components of these enzymes.
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