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Questions and Answers
What is the value of the magnetic quantum number ml for the d orbital aligned with the z-axis?
What is the value of the magnetic quantum number ml for the d orbital aligned with the z-axis?
Which type of orbitals has eight-lobed shapes?
Which type of orbitals has eight-lobed shapes?
What is the number of d orbitals in an electron energy level n ≥ 3?
What is the number of d orbitals in an electron energy level n ≥ 3?
What is the name of the d orbital with four lobes and a nodal plane?
What is the name of the d orbital with four lobes and a nodal plane?
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What is the value of the orbital angular momentum quantum number l for f orbitals?
What is the value of the orbital angular momentum quantum number l for f orbitals?
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What is the purpose of the magnetic quantum number ml in describing atomic orbitals?
What is the purpose of the magnetic quantum number ml in describing atomic orbitals?
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What is the name of the value that describes the sign of the wave function in an orbital?
What is the name of the value that describes the sign of the wave function in an orbital?
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What is the term for the region where the wave function equals zero?
What is the term for the region where the wave function equals zero?
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What is the term for the set of orbitals with the same value of n and l?
What is the term for the set of orbitals with the same value of n and l?
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In a hydrogen atom, what is the relationship between the energies of sublevels within the same level?
In a hydrogen atom, what is the relationship between the energies of sublevels within the same level?
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What is the reason for the difference in energy between sublevels in atoms other than hydrogen?
What is the reason for the difference in energy between sublevels in atoms other than hydrogen?
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What is the correct sublevel name for a sublevel with n = 3?
What is the correct sublevel name for a sublevel with n = 3?
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How many spherical nodes are there in a 2s orbital?
How many spherical nodes are there in a 2s orbital?
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Which magnetic quantum number corresponds to the p orbital that points along the y-axis?
Which magnetic quantum number corresponds to the p orbital that points along the y-axis?
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How many internal nodes are there in a 3s orbital according to the information provided?
How many internal nodes are there in a 3s orbital according to the information provided?
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If an orbital has l = 2, what is the correct sublevel name for this orbital?
If an orbital has l = 2, what is the correct sublevel name for this orbital?
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How many lobes does a p orbital have?
How many lobes does a p orbital have?
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What is the main prediction of the classical theory of the photoelectric effect regarding the energy of a wave?
What is the main prediction of the classical theory of the photoelectric effect regarding the energy of a wave?
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What is the main difference between the classical theory and Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect?
What is the main difference between the classical theory and Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect?
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What is the term for the minimum frequency needed before electrons would be emitted, regardless of the intensity?
What is the term for the minimum frequency needed before electrons would be emitted, regardless of the intensity?
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According to Einstein's explanation, what is the effect of a shorter wavelength photon on the energy absorbed by the electron?
According to Einstein's explanation, what is the effect of a shorter wavelength photon on the energy absorbed by the electron?
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What is the term for the energy required for an electron to escape the atom, according to Einstein's explanation?
What is the term for the energy required for an electron to escape the atom, according to Einstein's explanation?
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What is the main consequence of Einstein's proposal that light energy is delivered to the atoms in packets, called quanta?
What is the main consequence of Einstein's proposal that light energy is delivered to the atoms in packets, called quanta?
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If a metal ejects electrons when struck by yellow light, what would happen when the same metal surface is struck with ultraviolet light?
If a metal ejects electrons when struck by yellow light, what would happen when the same metal surface is struck with ultraviolet light?
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What happens to the excess energy when an electron is ejected from a metal surface?
What happens to the excess energy when an electron is ejected from a metal surface?
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What is the relationship between the kinetic energy of ejected electrons and the frequency of the light that strikes the metal surface?
What is the relationship between the kinetic energy of ejected electrons and the frequency of the light that strikes the metal surface?
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What type of light will be emitted when gas atoms are excited via external energy?
What type of light will be emitted when gas atoms are excited via external energy?
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What is unique about the pattern observed when emitted light is passed through a prism or a diffraction grating?
What is unique about the pattern observed when emitted light is passed through a prism or a diffraction grating?
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How does the energy of ultraviolet light compare to that of yellow light?
How does the energy of ultraviolet light compare to that of yellow light?
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What is the characteristic of electromagnetic waves that allows them to move through a vacuum at a constant speed?
What is the characteristic of electromagnetic waves that allows them to move through a vacuum at a constant speed?
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What is the reason why the speed of light is smaller in materials such as air?
What is the reason why the speed of light is smaller in materials such as air?
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What is the term for the region where an electrically charged particle experiences a force?
What is the term for the region where an electrically charged particle experiences a force?
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What is the term for the region where a magnetized particle experiences a force?
What is the term for the region where a magnetized particle experiences a force?
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What is the nature of electromagnetic radiation?
What is the nature of electromagnetic radiation?
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What is the speed of light in a vacuum?
What is the speed of light in a vacuum?
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Study Notes
Atomic Orbitals
- Electron energy levels (n ≥ 3) have five d orbitals with magnetic quantum numbers ml = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2.
- d orbitals have four lobes, except for dz2 which has two lobes and a toroid.
- Electron energy levels (n ≥ 4) have seven f orbitals with magnetic quantum numbers ml = -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3.
- f orbitals are mainly eight-lobed, with some two-lobed with two toroids.
Orbital Shapes
- s orbitals have a spherical shape and symmetry.
- The number of spherical nodes in s orbitals is equal to n - 1.
- p orbitals have two lobes, with three p orbitals forming one p sublevel, each pointing along a different axis (px, py, pz).
Phase of an Orbital
- The sign of the wave function is called its phase.
- Orbitals can have positive or negative values, and nodes are where the wave function = 0.
- When orbitals interact, their wave functions may be in phase (same sign) or out of phase (opposite signs).
Describing an Orbital
- Each set of n, l, and ml describes one orbital.
- Orbitals with the same value of n are in the same principal energy level (principal shell).
- Orbitals with the same values of n and l are in the same sublevel (subshell).
Energy of Sublevels
- In a Hydrogen atom, all sublevels within the same level have the same energy.
- In all other atoms, sublevels have slightly different energies due to electron-electron repulsions.
Photoelectric Effect
- The energy of a wave is directly proportional to its amplitude and frequency.
- Experimental observations show that a minimum frequency (threshold frequency) is needed before electrons are emitted, regardless of intensity.
- Above-threshold frequency light from a dim source causes electron emission without lag time.
- Einstein proposed that light energy is delivered in packets (quanta or photons), and one photon at the threshold frequency gives the electron just enough energy to escape.
Atomic Spectra
- When individual atoms or molecules absorb energy, it is released quickly as light energy (photons).
- The emitted light is characteristic to that type of atom or molecule, forming an emission spectrum.
- Emission spectra are non-continuous, with only specific wavelengths present.
Light
- Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation, composed of perpendicular oscillating waves (electric field and magnetic field).
- Electromagnetic waves move through space (vacuum) at a constant speed (c ≈ 3.00 × 10^8 m/s).
- The speed of light in materials (e.g., air) is smaller.
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Description
Test your knowledge on electron orbitals and angular nodes, focusing on 2p orbitals, d orbitals, and their shapes according to quantum theory. Explore concepts such as ml values and orbital alignment in different planes.
