Atomic Electron Orbitals
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Questions and Answers

What is the shape of an s-type electron orbital?

  • Bilobed
  • Ring-shaped
  • Spherical (correct)
  • Four-lobed

What is the typical arrangement of lobes in a d-type electron orbital?

  • Five lobes
  • Four lobes (correct)
  • Two lobes
  • Three lobes

Which type of orbital is filled first in every element?

  • y-type
  • d-type
  • s-type (correct)
  • p-type

What is a characteristic of p-type electron orbitals?

<p>They are bilobed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to electron clouds in an atom with many electrons?

<p>They are superimposed with the electron clouds of other orbitals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of orbitals known in an atom?

<p>Seven (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do electrons occupy orbitals?

<p>They occupy the lowest energy available orbitals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the fifth d-type orbital?

<p>It is bilobed with an encircling ring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a smaller effective focal spot?

<p>Increased sharpness of the image (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the beveled disk in a rotating anode?

<p>To distribute the heat over a larger area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a stationary anode and a rotating anode?

<p>The presence of moving parts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using a rotating anode over a stationary anode?

<p>Increased heat dissipation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the focal spot in a rotating anode machine?

<p>Focal track (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum tube current possible with a rotating anode?

<p>10-50 times that of a stationary anode (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the kVp selector?

<p>To set the X-ray energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the electron beam striking successive areas of the target?

<p>Widening of the focal spot (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when an incident electron ejects an electron from an inner orbital?

<p>A photoelectron, a recoil electron, and an electron vacancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the electron vacancy created in an inner orbital?

<p>It is filled by an electron from an outer orbital (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the energy of the photon emitted when an electron fills an electron vacancy?

<p>The difference in energy levels between the two orbitals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the photons released in the process?

<p>They are characteristic of the target atom (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the electrons striking the target to have varying levels of kinetic energy?

<p>The continuously varying voltage difference between the target and filament (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the electrons as they pass around the tungsten nuclei?

<p>They are deflected to varying extents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the electrons being deflected by the tungsten nuclei?

<p>They lose kinetic energy and emit bremsstrahlung photons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to most electrons in the target?

<p>They participate in multiple bremsstrahlung interactions before losing all their kinetic energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a filter in an x-ray beam?

<p>To remove low-energy photons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three controls typically found on many x-ray machines?

<p>Exposure time, tube current, and tube voltage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the x-ray beam when it encounters inherent filtration?

<p>The beam is attenuated (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it recommended to operate the machine at the highest mA value available?

<p>To minimize patient movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the barrier material in the x-ray tube?

<p>To prevent oil from escaping (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of using the highest tube voltage available?

<p>It produces a higher-energy beam (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the glass wall of the x-ray tube in inherent filtration?

<p>It absorbs low-energy photons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach when the tube current can be adjusted?

<p>To use the highest mA value available (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of collimators in x-ray imaging?

<p>To improve image quality by reducing scattered radiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the x-ray beam as it passes through the patient?

<p>It is reduced in intensity due to absorption and scattering (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of changing from a short aiming tube to a long aiming tube?

<p>A decrease in skin exposure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of Compton scattering in the patient's tissues?

<p>The scattering of photons in all directions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adjusting the kVp or mA after changing the aiming tube?

<p>To maintain a constant skin exposure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of collimating the x-ray beam?

<p>A reduction in scattered radiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the x-ray beam as it interacts with the patient's tissues?

<p>It is partially absorbed and scattered (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the x-ray beam in dental imaging?

<p>It is spatially homogeneous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

s-type orbital

A spherical electron orbital centered around the nucleus.

p-type orbital

A bilobed electron orbital centered around the nucleus, shaped like a dumbbell.

d-type orbital

A more complex electron orbital with four lobes (except one with two lobes and an encircling ring), centered on the nucleus.

Electron orbital filling order

Electrons fill orbitals starting with the lowest energy levels. This order is: s, then p, then d.

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Stationary Anode

The anode in an x-ray tube that doesn't move.

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Focal Spot

Small area on the anode where electrons hit, generating x-rays.

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Rotating Anode

Anode in an x-ray tube that spins, distributing heat over a larger area.

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X-ray Tube Current

Amount of electrons flowing through the x-ray tube.

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Photoelectron

Electron ejected from an inner orbital by an incident electron.

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Recoil Electron

Incident electron that loses energy and is deflected.

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Electron Vacancy

Empty space in an electron orbital after an electron is ejected.

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X-ray Photon Emission

When an electron from an outer orbital fills a vacancy, emitting a photon with energy equal to the energy difference between the orbitals.

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Bremsstrahlung Radiation

X-rays produced through rapid deceleration of electrons as they hit the anode.

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X-ray Controls

Settings on an x-ray machine that adjust exposure time, tube current (mA), and tube voltage (kVp).

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Exposure Time

Duration of x-ray exposure.

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Tube Current

Amount of electrons flowing through the x-ray tube, directly related to the number of x-ray photons produced.

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Tube Voltage

Potential difference between the cathode and anode, determining the energy of the emitted x-ray photons.

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Photon Absorption

Process where x-ray photons are absorbed by tissue, transferring energy to the tissue.

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Scattered Radiation

Photons that change direction after interacting with tissue.

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Compton Scattering

Type of scattering where a photon interacts with an electron, losing some energy and changing direction.

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Collimator

Device used to shape the x-ray beam, reducing scattered radiation and improving image quality.

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Inverse Square Law

The intensity of radiation decreases proportionally to the square of the distance from the source.

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kVp Adjustment

Changing tube voltage (kVp) to compensate for changes in distance, maintaining consistent image quality.

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mA Adjustment

Changing tube current (mA) to compensate for changes in distance, maintaining consistent image quality.

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Hard Tissue

Dense tissue, like bone, which absorbs more x-rays.

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Soft Tissue

Less dense tissues, like muscle and fat, which absorb fewer x-rays.

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Study Notes

Electron Orbitals

  • s-type electron orbitals are spherical and centered around the nucleus.
  • p-type electron orbitals are bilobed and centered around the nucleus.
  • Four of the five d-type electron orbitals are made up of four lobes, centered on the nucleus.
  • The fifth d-type orbital is bilobed with an encircling ring.

Electron Orbital Filling

  • s-type orbitals are the first to be filled in every element.
  • p-type orbitals are filled next, followed by d-type orbitals.
  • Electrons occupy the lowest energy available orbitals, not already occupied by other electrons.

X-ray Tubes

  • A stationary anode is used in some x-ray tubes, which has no moving parts.
  • The focal spot of a stationary tube is a small area, resulting in heat concentration.
  • Rotating anode tubes have a beveled disk that rotates when the tube is in operation, widening the focal spot and distributing heat over a larger area.
  • Rotating anode tubes can be used with higher tube currents (100-500 mA), compared to stationary targets (10-50 times less).

X-ray Generation

  • Incident electrons eject electrons from inner orbitals, creating photoelectrons, recoil electrons, and electron vacancies.
  • Electrons from outer orbitals fill the vacancies, emitting photons with energy equal to the difference in energy levels between the two orbitals.
  • The continuously varying voltage difference between the target and filament causes electrons to have varying levels of kinetic energy.
  • Bombarding electrons are deflected to varying extents, giving up varying amounts of energy in the form of bremsstrahlung photons.

X-ray Controls

  • Exposure time, tube current (mA), and tube voltage are the three controls found on many x-ray machines.
  • It is recommended to use the highest mA value available and operate the machine at this setting for the shortest exposure time and minimal patient movement.

X-ray Interactions

  • About 90% of photons are absorbed by hard and soft tissues, and about 10% pass through the patient.
  • Absorbed photons generate scattered radiation within the exposed tissues by Compton scattering.
  • Collimators improve image quality by reducing the exposed volume and the number of scattered photons reaching the film.
  • Changing the distance between the x-ray tube and the patient requires a corresponding modification of the kVp or mA to keep constant the exposure to the film or digital sensor.

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Description

Learn about the different types of electron orbitals, including s-type, p-type, and d-type orbitals, and how they are filled in elements.

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