Electromagnetic Waves and Optical Principles
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of a virtual image formed by a plane mirror?

  • It is always upright. (correct)
  • It is smaller than the object.
  • It can be projected on a screen.
  • It is inverted.

A concave mirror always produces a virtual image.

False (B)

List one type of radiation that is considered ionizing.

X-rays

The basic unit used to measure exposure to ionizing radiation is the ______.

<p>sievert</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of mirrors with their characteristics:

<p>Concave Mirror = Can produce real and virtual images Plane Mirror = Always produces virtual images Convex Lens = Forms virtual images that are upright Flat Mirror = Reflects image without distortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes diffuse reflection?

<p>Reflection that scatters light in many directions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

UV radiation from the sun is harmless if exposure is limited.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect can overexposure to UV radiation cause?

<p>Skin cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alpha particles consist of ______ protons and ______ neutrons.

<p>two, two</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of ionizing radiation to their descriptions:

<p>X-rays = High-energy electromagnetic waves Alpha particles = Heavy particles that are stopped by paper Beta particles = Fast-moving electrons Cosmic radiation = Energetic particles from outer space</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant difference between stochastic and non-stochastic effects of radiation?

<p>Stochastic effects are associated with random occurrences, whereas non-stochastic effects increase in severity with exposure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Embryos are less sensitive to radiation damage compared to adults.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can long-term exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation lead to?

<p>Stochastic effects such as cancer and genetic mutations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Non-stochastic effects typically result from the collective injury of many cells, and examples include __________.

<p>cataracts and skin burns</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of radiation effect with the correct description:

<p>Stochastic Effects = Chance of occurrence increases with dose Non-Stochastic Effects = Severity increases with dose and has a threshold Ionizing Radiation = Can cause genetic mutations Radiation Exposure = Not just harmful to those exposed but can also affect future generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not influence the level of damage caused by radiation?

<p>The color of the radiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person exposed to high levels of radiation is more likely to pass on genetic mutations to their offspring.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of injuries result from non-stochastic effects of radiation?

<p>Collective injuries of many cells such as skin burns and cataracts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

At very high levels of exposure, ionizing radiation can lead to __________.

<p>death</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a stochastic effect of radiation?

<p>Cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of mirror creates an upright image that is left-right reversed?

<p>Plane Mirror (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A real image is formed when light rays diverge.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the type of electromagnetic wave with the longest wavelength.

<p>Radio waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

The angle of ________ is equal to the angle of reflection according to the Law of Reflection.

<p>incidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of electromagnetic radiation to their characteristics:

<p>Radio Waves = Lowest frequency Gamma Rays = Highest energy X-rays = Used in medical imaging Microwaves = Used for heating food</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which electromagnetic waves are primarily known for their use in medical imaging?

<p>X-rays (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microwaves have a higher frequency than infrared radiation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What relationship exists between frequency and energy in electromagnetic waves?

<p>Directly proportional</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ effect of ionizing radiation on health can lead to significant medical issues.

<p>harmful</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a virtual image in terms of light reflection?

<p>It cannot be projected onto a screen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Virtual Image

An image formed when light rays do not actually meet, but appear to meet from a particular point.

Plane Mirror

A flat mirror that creates a virtual, upright image.

Regular Reflection

Reflection of light rays from a smooth or polished surface.

Diffuse Reflection

Reflection of light rays from a rough surface, scattering light in many directions.

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Concave Mirror

A mirror with a curved inward surface.

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Ionizing Radiation

Radiation that creates electrically charged particles by removing electrons from atoms.

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X-rays/Gamma rays

High-energy forms of electromagnetic radiation.

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Alpha particles

Atomic nuclei consisting of two protons and two neutrons.

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Beta particles

Fast-moving electrons ejected from the nuclei of atoms.

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Sievert (Sv)

The unit used to measure the biological effect of absorbed radiation.

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Ionizing radiation & cancer

Ionizing radiation can kill cancer cells when carefully targeted to minimize harm to healthy tissue. However, high doses can cause cancer later.

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Radiation exposure and mutations

High levels of radiation can cause genetic mutations, but individuals exposed to high mutation-inducing radiation levels are more likely to die from the exposure than pass on mutations to offspring.

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Radiation damage factors

Radiation damage depends on dose, radiation type, body part, and age of the exposed organism. Embryos are particularly sensitive.

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Stochastic effects

Radiation effects where the chance of occurrence increases with dose, can occur from the irradiation of a single cell.

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Stochastic effects examples

Examples include cancer and genetic mutations caused by long-term, low-level radiation.

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Non-stochastic effects

Radiation effects that are directly related to the severity of high-level exposure, increasing with dose. Threshold exists for these effects.

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Non-stochastic examples

Examples include cataracts, skin burns, and low blood cell counts.

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Threshold dose

The dose below which no non-stochastic effects occur. Exceeding this dose leads to negative effects.

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Radiation and Embryos

Embryos are highly vulnerable to radiation damage.

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Types of radiation effects

Radiation effects can be categorized as stochastic or non-stochastic, depending on the dose and type of radiation.

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Electromagnetic Waves

Waves that are produced by accelerating or oscillating charges and travel at the speed of light (3 x 10⁸ m/s) in a vacuum. They don't need a medium to propagate.

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Electromagnetic Spectrum

The arrangement of electromagnetic waves in order of increasing frequency (and decreasing wavelength), including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays.

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Frequency and Energy Relationship

The frequency of an EM wave is directly proportional to its energy. Higher frequency waves (like gamma rays) have more energy than lower frequency waves (like radio waves).

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Wavelength and Frequency Relationship

The wavelength of an EM wave is inversely proportional to its frequency. This means longer wavelengths correspond to lower frequencies, and shorter wavelengths correspond to higher frequencies.

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Angle of Incidence

The angle between the incoming ray of light and the normal (a line perpendicular to the reflecting surface).

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Angle of Reflection

The angle between the reflected ray of light and the normal.

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Law of Reflection

The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. This means the incoming light ray and the outgoing light ray make the same angle with the reflecting surface.

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Real Image

An image formed when light rays converge at a specific point. It can be projected onto a screen.

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Study Notes

Electromagnetic (EM) Waves

  • Produced by accelerated/oscillating charges
  • Don't need a medium to travel
  • Travel at 3x108 m/s in a vacuum
  • Carry radiant energy
  • Most are invisible, except visible light
  • Arranged by wavelength/frequency in the EM spectrum

Relationship of Frequency, Wavelength, and Energy

  • Frequency (Hz): Number of waves passing a point per second. Higher frequency = higher energy.
  • Wavelength (λ): Length of a wave from crest to crest. Longer wavelength = lower frequency.
  • Energy and frequency are directly proportional
  • Energy and wavelength are inversely proportional

Plane Mirrors

  • Flat surface
  • Reflects light according to the law of reflection (angle of incidence = angle of reflection)
  • Creates virtual images (appear behind the mirror)
  • Images are upright but reversed left to right
  • Same size as the object

Angle of Incidence and Reflection

  • Angle of Incidence: Angle between the incident ray and the normal
  • Angle of Reflection: Angle between the reflected ray and the normal
  • Law of Reflection: Angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection

Types of Images

  • Real images: Formed where light rays converge
  • Virtual images: Formed where light rays appear to converge (but don't actually meet)

Types of Reflection

  • Regular reflection: Light reflects off a smooth surface in a single direction.
  • Diffuse reflection: Light reflects off a rough surface in many directions.

Ionizing Radiation

  • Creates electrically charged ions in the material it hits
  • Breaks down atoms and molecules
  • Can be harmful to living organisms, damaging tissue directly or impacting DNA
  • Common types include X-rays, gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particles, cosmic radiation, and neutrons
  • Measured in Sieverts (Sv)
  • Effects depend on dose, type, part of body exposed, and age
  • Stochastic effects: Chance of occurrence increases with dose (e.g., cancer, genetic mutations)
  • Non-stochastic effects: Severity increases with dose (e.g., cataracts, burns)

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts related to electromagnetic waves, including their characteristics and the relationship between frequency, wavelength, and energy. Additionally, it delves into the behavior of plane mirrors and the laws of reflection. Test your understanding of these fundamental physics topics!

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