Electrolytes and Body Fluids Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of sodium as an electrolyte in the body?

  • It maintains ICF osmolarity.
  • It directly generates nerve impulses.
  • It maintains ECF osmolarity. (correct)
  • It regulates protein synthesis in cells.

    • Which of the following electrolytes is considered a cation?

  • Chloride
  • Magnesium (correct)
  • Bicarbonate
  • Phosphate

    • What primarily influences fluid retention and movement within the body due to its concentration?

  • Potassium levels
  • Chloride levels
  • Calcium levels
  • Sodium levels (correct)

    • In which fluid compartment is intracellular sodium concentration expected to be low?

    <p>Intracellular fluid (ICF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to an imbalance of electrolytes in clients?

    <p>Imbalance of intake and output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes hyponatremia with respect to sodium levels?

    <p>Sodium levels less than 136 mEq/L.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cells when water moves from the extracellular fluid (ECF) into the intracellular fluid (ICF) during hyponatremia?

    <p>Cells experience cellular swelling (edema).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition might contribute to hyponatremia through kidney salt wasting?

    <p>Use of diuretics that affect sodium excretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism the body employs to compensate for hyponatremia?

    <p>Kidney excretion of sodium-free water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of hyponatremia?

    <p>Net gain of water or loss of sodium-rich fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can be a risk factor leading to actual sodium deficits?

    <p>Diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition might lead to sodium deficits through gastrointestinal processes?

    <p>Wound drainage, especially gastrointestinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT contribute to the development of sodium deficits?

    <p>Hyperlipidemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common dietary factor that can lead to sodium deficiency?

    <p>Inadequate sodium intake during NPO status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a result of hyperglycemia related to sodium levels?

    <p>Decreased serum sodium concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is least likely to result in relative sodium deficits due to dilution?

    <p>Excessive sodium intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What risk factor significantly contributes to older adults being more susceptible to sodium deficits?

    <p>Increased incidence of chronic illnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is associated with the development of relative sodium deficits?

    <p>Anticonvulsants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological state can lead to sodium dilution in the context of freshwater exposure?

    <p>Freshwater submersion accident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is not directly associated with acute sodium dilution or deficits?

    <p>Excessive exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What vital signs are commonly observed in a client with hypovolemia?

    <p>Hypothermia and tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is likely to present in a patient with hypervolemia and hyponatremia?

    <p>Bounding pulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a neuromusculoskeletal indicator of electrolyte imbalance?

    <p>Abdominal cramping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gastrointestinal finding is associated with increased motility in electrolyte imbalance?

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of hyponatremia, which of the following symptoms can indicate severe electrolyte deficiency?

    <p>Lethargy and muscle weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum safe sodium replacement rate to minimize the risk of neurologic damage?

    <p>12 mEq/L in a 24-hr period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation would urine sodium levels be expected to be greater than 20 mEq/L?

    <p>SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone secretion)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of urine specific gravity in sodium loss?

    <p>Decreased to 1.002 to 1.004</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foods are recommended for increasing sodium intake when oral fluids are tolerated?

    <p>Beef broth and tomato juice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected blood osmolarity in conditions of azotemia?

    <p>Increased due to toxin accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which health service should be consulted for managing oxygen levels in patients?

    <p>Respiratory services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What daily weight change should prompt a client to notify their provider?

    <p>1 to 2 lb gain in 24 hr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary consideration involves tracking sodium intake and understanding food labels?

    <p>Maintaining a high-sodium diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reason for consulting nutritional services in nephrology?

    <p>Choosing high-sodium foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What weight gain in one week should be reported to the provider?

    <p>3 lb gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary nursing action when managing acute hyponatremia?

    <p>Administer hypertonic fluids to elevate blood sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sodium level should not be exceeded when treating with hypertonic solutions?

    <p>125 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom indicates a need for seizure precautions in a patient with hyponatremia?

    <p>Confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored frequently when administering 3% sodium chloride to a patient?

    <p>Blood sodium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication class promotes the excretion of excess fluid in hyponatremia management?

    <p>Vasopressin receptor antagonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the blood sodium level that indicates hypernatremia?

    <p>Greater than 145 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is a risk factor for developing hypernatremia?

    <p>Cushing’s syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological effect does hypernatremia have on cells?

    <p>Results in dehydrated cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications may contribute to hypernatremia?

    <p>Glucocorticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential consequences of hypernatremia on bodily functions?

    <p>Neurologic, endocrine, and cardiac disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with relative sodium excess due to decreased fluid volume?

    <p>Hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What situation can contribute to sodium excess by promoting fluid loss?

    <p>Heatstroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following gastrointestinal conditions can lead to relative sodium excess?

    <p>Watery stools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely consequence of hypertonic enteral feedings without adequate water supplementation?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is a potential cause of relative sodium excess due to fluid deficits?

    <p>Diabetes insipidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common neuromusculoskeletal finding associated with electrolyte imbalance?

    <p>Muscle twitching leading to weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory test result indicates a likely case of hypernatremia?

    <p>Blood sodium greater than 145 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is likely to occur in a person experiencing hyperthermia due to electrolyte imbalance?

    <p>Seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gastrointestinal finding is most commonly associated with hypernatremia?

    <p>Dry mucous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is most likely to result from an increased blood osmolarity greater than 300 mOsm/L?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What vital sign monitoring is essential to ensure patient safety in nursing care?

    <p>Monitor level of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following interventions helps manage patient comfort effectively?

    <p>Providing oral hygiene measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What vital parameter should be monitored to assess kidney function when diuretics are used?

    <p>Potassium level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should nursing care include to ensure proper fluid balance in patients?

    <p>Monitoring input and output (I&amp;O)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important assessment step in evaluating respiratory status during nursing care?

    <p>Auscultating lung sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to dextrose 5% in 0.45% sodium chloride once it is infused?

    <p>It becomes hypotonic after the glucose is metabolized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which IV solution is preferred for clients with hyperglycemia and sodium imbalance?

    <p>0.3% sodium chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can excess sodium levels be managed in patients?

    <p>Administer loop diuretics effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes 0.3% sodium chloride as a treatment option?

    <p>It is a hypotonic solution that helps prevent cerebral edema.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the administration of diuretics is correct?

    <p>Loop diuretics are effective in clients unable to excrete sodium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What daily weight change should a patient be aware of to inform their provider?

    <p>A gain of 1-2 lbs in 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is essential to adhere to a low-sodium diet?

    <p>Keep a detailed record of daily sodium intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should over-the-counter medications containing sodium bicarbonate be avoided?

    <p>They can increase sodium levels in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended behavior for fluid intake management?

    <p>Restrict fluid intake based on the provider's advice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a key element of client education regarding sodium consumption?

    <p>Read food labels to monitor sodium content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur if severe hypernatremia is not treated immediately?

    <p>Seizures, convulsion, and death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nursing action is essential when managing a patient with potential severe hypernatremia?

    <p>Maintaining an open airway and monitoring vital signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant finding related to the level of potassium in the body?

    <p>Minor variations in potassium levels can indicate serious issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does potassium play in the body?

    <p>It is critical for cell metabolism and nerve impulse transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a nursing precaution for patients experiencing seizures due to severe hypernatremia?

    <p>Implementing seizure precautions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of hypokalemia related to gastrointestinal losses?

    <p>Prolonged nasogastric suctioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medical condition is associated with hypokalemia due to increased aldosterone secretion?

    <p>Cushing’s syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary status is a risk factor for hypokalemia?

    <p>NPO (nothing by mouth) status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the use of diuretics have on potassium levels in the body?

    <p>Decreases potassium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism leads to potassium moving into cells, resulting in hypokalemia?

    <p>Increased insulin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ECG finding is specific to hypokalemia?

    <p>Elevated U waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is most likely to cause a relative potassium deficit?

    <p>Hyperalimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common neurologic finding in a client with potassium deficit?

    <p>Acute confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gastrointestinal symptom can develop from a potassium deficit?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory test result indicates a potassium deficit?

    <p>Potassium level below 3.5 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate route for potassium administration to prevent tissue necrosis?

    <p>Intravenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum acceptable oxygen saturation level when monitoring a patient?

    <p>95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following assessments is NOT essential for a patient at risk of hypokalemia?

    <p>Perform a complete blood count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention is crucial for maintaining client safety in patients with muscle weakness?

    <p>Implement fall precautions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients receiving digoxin, why is monitoring potassium levels especially important?

    <p>Hypokalemia increases the risk for digoxin toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food is NOT considered high in potassium?

    <p>White rice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum recommended rate for administering IV potassium supplementation?

    <p>10 mEq/hr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which consulting service is most appropriate for managing dietary potassium intake?

    <p>Nutritional services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach should NOT be taken to increase potassium levels?

    <p>Excessive use of laxatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding IV potassium administration?

    <p>It must be monitored for signs of phlebitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nursing action is critical in managing respiratory failure?

    <p>Monitor for hypoxemia and hypercapnia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action should be taken if a patient is experiencing cardiac arrest?

    <p>Perform continuous cardiac monitoring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored to assess the level of consciousness in a patient with respiratory failure?

    <p>Response to verbal stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a patient requires mechanical ventilation, what nursing action is appropriate?

    <p>Assist with intubation if indicated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary nursing action when monitoring for hypoxemia in respiratory failure?

    <p>Monitor oxygen saturation levels frequently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential cause of hyperkalemia related to dietary habits?

    <p>Excessive consumption of high-potassium foods or salt substitutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors increases the risk of developing hyperkalemia in older adults?

    <p>Decreased renin and aldosterone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is least likely to contribute to hyperkalemia?

    <p>Normal kidney function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment can exacerbate hyperkalemia by contributing to actual potassium excess?

    <p>Overconsumption of potassium supplements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average blood potassium level that indicates hyperkalemia?

    <p>Greater than 5.0 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What vital sign changes are expected in a patient with relative potassium excess?

    <p>Slow irregular pulse, hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neuromusculoskeletal symptom is commonly associated with relative potassium excess?

    <p>Ascending flaccid paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ECG findings is most likely to be observed in a case of relative potassium excess?

    <p>Peaked T waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gastrointestinal manifestation may be observed in a patient with relative potassium excess?

    <p>Increased motility and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is least likely to cause a relative potassium excess?

    <p>Chronic kidney disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an expected finding in an electrocardiogram for a patient with kidney failure?

    <p>Inverted P waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory test result indicates kidney failure?

    <p>Increased creatinine levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pH value characterizes metabolic acidosis associated with kidney failure?

    <p>pH less than 7.35</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels is associated with dehydration?

    <p>Increased levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory finding is associated with increased levels of potassium?

    <p>Greater than 5.0 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first priority in nursing care for a patient at risk of falls and cardiac complications?

    <p>Assess for muscle weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is appropriate for promoting the movement of potassium from the extracellular fluid (ECF) to the intracellular fluid (ICF)?

    <p>Administer dextrose with regular insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical intervention for a patient with severe hyperkalemia?

    <p>Start calcium gluconate administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if a patient has elevated potassium levels and is receiving potassium supplements?

    <p>Report and stop potassium IV infusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following assessments is essential for patients receiving medications to reduce potassium levels?

    <p>Monitor for manifestations of hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following foods should a client with impaired kidney function avoid to prevent hyperkalemia?

    <p>Citrus fruits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended practice for reducing potassium in vegetables for clients at risk of hyperkalemia?

    <p>Slice, peel, soak overnight, drain, and boil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diuretics should clients with kidney impairment avoid along with potassium-replacement products?

    <p>Potassium-conserving diuretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following beverages is low in potassium and safe for clients to consume?

    <p>Cranberry juice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of foods should clients at risk for hyperkalemia consume according to potassium levels?

    <p>Refined grains and hard candy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of loop diuretics like Furosemide?

    <p>Enhance potassium depletion from the renal system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored when administering cation exchange resins like sodium polystyrene sulfonate?

    <p>Excretion of potassium via feces and patient's overall electrolyte balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should oral potassium supplements be held for a patient?

    <p>Until the provider advises that potassium levels are safe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nursing action is essential for patients receiving loop diuretics?

    <p>Monitor both intake and output for fluid management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary recommendation is critical for patients being treated for high potassium levels?

    <p>Maintain a potassium-restricted diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which IV insulin and glucose lowers blood potassium levels?

    <p>By causing potassium to shift into intracellular space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nursing action is essential when administering beta-2 agonists like Albuterol?

    <p>Observe for tachycardia and chest pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which condition is Patiromer primarily used?

    <p>Chronic Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which healthcare professional is appropriate to consult for electrolyte and fluid management?

    <p>Nephrologist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important dietary consideration for a client managing high potassium levels?

    <p>Read food labels to avoid potassium substitutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte imbalances should nurses particularly monitor for implications during cardiac arrest situations?

    <p>Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nursing action is essential during the management of dysrhythmias in patients experiencing cardiac arrest?

    <p>Conducting continuous cardiac monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cases would hypochloremia likely occur?

    <p>Severe diarrhea or vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hypocalcemia refer to in terms of calcium levels in the blood?

    <p>Calcium levels lower than the normal range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is NOT a recommended nursing intervention for managing complications related to cardiac arrest?

    <p>Encouraging fluid intake orally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as a total blood calcium level less than 9.0 mg/dL?

    <p>Hypocalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with a relative calcium deficit?

    <p>Alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is unlikely to contribute to an inadequate intake of calcium?

    <p>Physical exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is known to cause a relative calcium deficit?

    <p>Calcium chelators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for actual calcium deficits?

    <p>Chronic immobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical sign indicates neurological involvement in a client with hypocalcemia?

    <p>Positive Chvostek’s sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cardiovascular change is typically observed in severe hypocalcemia?

    <p>Prolonged QT interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom might a patient with worsening hypocalcemia display as muscular irritability increases?

    <p>Paresthesia of the fingers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition increases the risk of developing hypocalcemia due to surgical history?

    <p>Thyroid surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gastrointestinal symptom is typically associated with hypocalcemia?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of administering calcium gluconate too quickly during IV treatment?

    <p>It can lead to cardiac arrest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dietary foods is recommended for a patient with hypocalcemia?

    <p>Foods high in calcium such as dairy and dark leafy greens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does vitamin D have on calcium absorption?

    <p>It enhances calcium absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precaution should be implemented for a client with hypocalcemia?

    <p>Implementing seizure and fall precautions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which change on an electrocardiogram is associated with hypocalcemia?

    <p>Prolonged QT and ST interval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which professional service should be consulted for managing dietary calcium intake?

    <p>Nutritional services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended dietary source to increase calcium intake?

    <p>Yogurt and milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these consultations would be appropriate for managing dysrhythmias?

    <p>Cardiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can clients effectively increase their calcium intake?

    <p>Reading food labels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following professionals is NOT relevant for managing fluid and electrolyte issues?

    <p>Orthopedic surgeon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What blood magnesium level is defined as hypomagnesemia?

    <p>Less than 1.3 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cardiovascular finding associated with hypomagnesemia?

    <p>Elevated blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following risk factors is NOT associated with hypomagnesemia?

    <p>High sodium intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gastrointestinal finding is expected in a patient with hypomagnesemia?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sign is indicative of neuromuscular excitability in hypomagnesemia?

    <p>Positive Chvostek’s sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reference range for potassium levels in mEq/L?

    <p>3.5 to 5.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reference ranges is correct for calcium levels in mg/dL?

    <p>9.0 to 10.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected reference range for chloride levels in mEq/L?

    <p>98 to 106</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ranges is appropriate for magnesium levels in mEq/L?

    <p>1.3 to 2.1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reference range for phosphorus levels in mg/dL?

    <p>3.0 to 4.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Electrolytes and Body Fluids

    • Electrolytes are charged ions in body fluids.
    • Cations are positive ions, and anions are negative ions.
    • Electrolytes are distributed between intracellular (ICF) and extracellular (ECF) fluids.
    • ICF and ECF have different electrolyte concentrations.
    • This difference is crucial for nerve impulse transmission and cell excitability.
    • Body fluids must be electrically neutral (equal positive and negative ions).
    • Electrolytes conduct electrical current (positive: cations, negative: anions).
    • Examples of cations: magnesium, potassium, sodium, calcium, and hydrogen ions.
    • Examples of anions: phosphate, sulfate, chloride, bicarbonate, and proteinate ions.

    Electrolyte Imbalance

    • Electrolyte imbalance can occur due to intake and output imbalances.
    • Illnesses and aging increase the risk of electrolyte imbalance.
    • Plasma electrolyte concentrations can be measured, but intracellular levels cannot.

    Expected Reference Ranges (in Plasma)

    • Sodium: 136–145 mEq/L
    • Calcium: 9.0–10.5 mg/dL
    • Potassium: 3.5–5.0 mEq/L
    • Magnesium: 1.3–2.1 mEq/L
    • Chloride: 98–106 mEq/L
    • Phosphorus: 3.0–4.5 mg/dL

    Sodium Imbalance

    • Sodium (Na+) is the major ECF cation, maintaining ECF osmolarity.
    • ICF sodium is low (approximately 14 mEq/L).
    • The sodium gradient between ICF and ECF is vital for muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission.
    • Sodium concentration influences fluid movement and retention.
    • Kidney function regulates sodium levels via hormones like aldosterone, ADH, and natriuretic peptide.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of electrolytes and their role in body fluids with this quiz. Explore concepts such as cations and anions, electrolyte distribution, and the impact of imbalance on health. Prepare to assess your knowledge of electrolyte functions and reference ranges in plasma.

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