Electrochemistry and Hormonal Regulation Quiz

<p>Producing glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voltage at zero current (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide a constant potential (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Directly related (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>EDTA contains potassium, leading to falsely elevated results. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red blood cell breakdown releases potassium into the fluid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It selectively binds with potassium ions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$6.0$ mmol/L (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extracellular fluid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By shifting due to changes in sodium or bicarbonate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passive reabsorption with sodium in the proximal tubules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It causes muscle cells to release potassium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining water distribution and osmotic pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By moving 3 Na+ ions out of the cell for every 2 K+ ions that move in, which is then followed by water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>EDTA plasma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide a stable and constant potential for comparison. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>E is proportional to the logarithm of a. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measuring the potential difference across a membrane due to sodium concentration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It measures the target ion and may also show some response to other ions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct methods eliminate interference from lipids and proteins; indirect methods are susceptible to interference from lipids and proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The temperature of the solution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The measured sodium level will be falsely decreased. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows the measurement of gases like CO2. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solid state electrodes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The degree to which the electrode is affected by interfering ions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain a stable and consistent electrical potential. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HCO3- (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain electrical neutrality across the red blood cell membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lithium Heparin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial Meningitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bind with chloride ions to form a precipitate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cystic Fibrosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cl passively follows the concentration of Na+ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combination of HCO3- with H+ to form H2CO3, which then dissociates into H2O and CO2, followed by CO2 diffusion into the ECF (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Total CO2 is roughly equal to the bicarbonate level, because bicarbonate constitutes about 90% of total CO2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By increasing the excretion of bicarbonate (HCO3-) in the urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged vomiting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leads to a decrease in both sodium and chloride levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain electroneutrality across cell membranes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By reabsorbing bicarbonate (HCO3-) via proximal and distal tubules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A condition caused by the body's inability to produce or respond to Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), leading to excessive urination and thirst.

The process by which the body regulates blood volume, typically involving the secretion of renin, the conversion of angiotensinogen, and vasoconstriction.

The chemical substances dissolved in a solution, including positively and negatively charged ions like sodium, potassium, and chloride.

A type of electrochemical cell used to measure the concentration of specific ions in a solution by measuring the voltage generated.

A measurement technique that measures the voltage generated by an electrochemical cell at zero current.

The process of losing electrons at the anode, resulting in oxidation.

The process of gaining electrons at the cathode, resulting in reduction.

The positive electrode where oxidation occurs.

A type of electrode that measures the concentration of a specific ion in a solution by generating an electrical potential proportional to the ion's activity (concentration).

An electrode with a constant, stable potential that serves as a reference point for measuring potential differences in potentiometry. Common examples include silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) and calomel (mercury/mercury chloride) Hg/HgCl.

The difference in electrical potential between the indicator electrode and the reference electrode, measured in millivolts, directly corresponds to the concentration of the ion being measured.

A mathematical equation that describes the relationship between the electrical potential generated by an electrode and the concentration (activity) of an ion in solution.

A measure of the degree to which an ISE is affected by the presence of other ions in the solution. A low selectivity factor indicates less interference.

A type of ISE made from a solid material, like a specific type of glass, that is sensitive to certain ions like Hydrogen (H+) or Sodium (Na+). Some can be modified to measure gases like CO2.

A type of ISE with a liquid membrane containing ion-exchange material that binds to the specific ion being measured, such as Potassium (K+).

A type of ISE with a membrane made of insoluble inorganic salts that generate potential through ion exchange, used for measuring ions like chloride (Cl-).

Potassium is released from muscle cells during physical activity, leading to increased potassium levels in the blood.

Damage to red blood cells (RBCs) releases potassium into the extracellular fluid (ECF), potentially raising potassium levels.

The preferred sample type for potassium measurement is plasma, collected using heparin tubes.

EDTA anticoagulant contains potassium, so its use in potassium testing can lead to falsely elevated results.

Minimizing hemolysis, the breakdown of red blood cells, is crucial to ensure accurate potassium measurements. Hemolysis can lead to falsely high potassium levels.

Maintaining normal serum potassium levels is vital for proper muscle function and preventing cardiac irregularities.

Potassium levels outside the normal range can cause cardiac arrhythmias and even cardiac arrest, highlighting the importance of accurate potassium monitoring.

Chloride is the most abundant anion in the extracellular fluid (ECF), contributing significantly to osmotic pressure and maintaining fluid balance.

The major cation found in the extracellular fluid (ECF), making up about 90% of its total cation concentration.

The process by which the Na+/K+-ATPase pumps 3 sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell in exchange for 2 potassium ions (K+) using energy from ATP. This helps maintain the cell's osmotic balance and prevents it from swelling.

The regulation of sodium (Na+) in the body involves controlling water intake, water excretion, and sodium excretion. This is important for maintaining blood volume and osmolality.

The process of water intake in response to thirst, which is triggered by changes in plasma osmolality. The higher the osmolality, the greater the thirst.

The process of water excretion through urine, controlled by the release of Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) in response to changes in blood volume or osmolality.

The process of sodium (Na+) excretion in response to changes in blood volume. This is regulated by hormones like aldosterone, angiotensin II, and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).

A method for measuring sodium (Na+) in samples using a glass ion-exchange membrane. This membrane interacts with Na+ ions in the sample, generating a potential difference that is proportional to the concentration of Na+.

A type of sodium (Na+) measurement where the undiluted sample is directly tested on the ISE membrane. This approach is more accurate, especially for samples with elevated lipids or proteins.

The movement of chloride ions (Cl-) across the red blood cell membrane in response to bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) movement. It maintains electrical neutrality during carbon dioxide transport in the blood.

In the tissues, carbon dioxide (CO2) enters red blood cells (RBCs) and forms carbonic acid (H2CO3), which dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-). Deoxyhemoglobin buffers the H+ ions, while HCO3- diffuses out of the RBC into the plasma. To maintain electrical neutrality, chloride ions (Cl-) move into the RBC.

The reverse of the chloride shift occurs in the lungs. Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) move from the plasma into the RBC, chloride ions (Cl-) move out, and carbon dioxide (CO2) is released from the RBC to be exhaled.

A type of blood sample used to measure chloride levels. It's separated from the red blood cells.

Lithium heparin is the preferred anticoagulant for collecting blood samples for chloride analysis.

A 24-hour urine collection is the most accurate method for measuring total chloride excretion.

A test performed on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that can indicate bacterial meningitis. Reduced chloride levels in CSF are suggestive of bacterial meningitis.

A screening test for cystic fibrosis (CF). A sweat chloride level greater than 60 mmol/L is considered positive for CF.

Condition characterized by low chloride levels in the blood, often caused by prolonged vomiting, diabetic ketoacidosis, or aldosterone deficiency.

Condition characterized by high chloride levels in the blood, often caused by increased chloride intake, excess loss of bicarbonate, or metabolic acidosis.

Bicarbonate (HCO3-) is the second most abundant anion in the extracellular fluid (ECF).

Total CO2 (TCO2) is comprised of dissolved CO2, carbonic acid (H2CO3), and bicarbonate. Bicarbonate accounts for 90% of TCO2, making TCO2 a good indicator of bicarbonate levels.

Bicarbonate is a key component of buffer systems in the blood, particularly the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system (NaHCO3-/H2CO3).

Bicarbonate is involved in the 'chloride shift' that maintains electroneutrality across cell membranes. HCO3- moves in/out of cells, while Cl- moves out/in to balance the charge.

The kidneys play a crucial role in bicarbonate regulation by reabsorbing the majority (85%) in the proximal tubules and the remainder (15%) in the distal tubules. In alkalosis, the kidneys increase bicarbonate excretion to lower pH. In acidosis, the kidneys reabsorb bicarbonate to raise pH.

Bicarbonate is a vital component of the body's acid-base balance, playing a crucial role in neutralizing excess acids and maintaining pH within a narrow range.