KIN 240 Handout 9 (Sleep)

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What is the term used to describe a circuit that minimizes transitional states and has abrupt transitions?

Parallel circuit

Feedback loop circuit

Resistive circuit

Flip-flop circuit (correct)

Which nucleus serves to inhibit the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus to prevent the sleep-promoting pathway?

Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO)

Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) (correct)

Ascending arousal system

Homeostatic sleep pressure

What happens when the VLPO is activating the sleep-promoting pathway?

Activates the wake-promoting pathway

Activates the DMH

Increases homeostatic sleep pressure

Inhibits the branches of the ascending arousal system (correct)

The accumulation of a need to sleep during prolonged periods of wakefulness is known as:

Homeostatic sleep pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which system is described as mutually inhibitory with wake-promoting and sleep-promoting pathways?

Ascending arousal system Signup and view all the answers

What could potentially happen if both wake-promoting and sleep-promoting pathways were active at the same time?

Conflicting signals leading to disrupted sleep-wake cycles Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of cycling through sleep stages according to the text?

Providing an opportunity for greater environmental awareness Signup and view all the answers

Why does time spent in NREM Sleep stage 2 (N2) grow progressively longer with sleep duration according to the text?

To enhance environmental awareness Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) during early portions of sleep according to the text?

It helps maintain wakefulness Signup and view all the answers

Why is it biologically advantageous to become more aware of external stimuli as sleep duration increases?

To avoid predation and increase survival Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total sleep duration do humans spend in NREM Sleep stage 2 (N2) according to the text?

Nearly half Signup and view all the answers

What role does NREM Sleep stage 3 (N3) play in the cycling through sleep stages according to the text?

It separates REM sleep and NREM Sleep stage 2 (N2) Signup and view all the answers

What dimension of sleep is particularly important for mental health?

Quality Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of sleep reflects the ability to maintain attentive wakefulness during the day?

Alertness Signup and view all the answers

What issue is associated with later sleep timing and variability in sleep timing?

Adverse cardiometabolic health outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What does sleep continuity or efficiency reflect?

Ease of falling and returning to sleep Signup and view all the answers

Individuals who report poor quality sleep may still perceive it as low quality due to what factor?

Chronically reporting poor quality sleep Signup and view all the answers

How is sleep quality related to the ability to maintain attentive wakefulness during the day?

Lower quality leads to higher alertness Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended sleep duration for children aged 5 to 13 according to the text?

9 to 11 hours Signup and view all the answers

How is healthy sleep framed in the text?

As not necessarily bad Signup and view all the answers

What health issues are consistently associated with poor sleep according to the text?

Greater overall mortality risk, heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Which organization's guidelines are used in determining the recommended sleep duration mentioned in the text?

National Sleep Foundation Signup and view all the answers

What age group requires 7 to 9 hours of sleep according to the text?

Adults Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of health do modern perspectives align with according to the text?

Overall health Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of slow-wave sleep?

Facilitating cellular repair and renewal Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are most active during REM sleep?

Astrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What do astrocytes do during REM sleep?

Clear neural metabolic waste Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of oligodendrocytes during REM sleep?

Generate and maintain myelin axonal coatings Signup and view all the answers

How do microglia contribute to increased brain activity during REM sleep?

Shrinking and expanding to clear metabolic waste Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected occurrence regarding time spent in slow-wave sleep over the course of the night?

It gradually reduces over the course of the night Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as discussed in the text?

Receiving inputs from various systems to generate a sleep-wake rhythm Signup and view all the answers

Which factor plays a critical role in overriding daily rhythms of sleep and wakefulness according to the text?

Environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) within the circadian system?

Integrating information from various systems to regulate sleep-wake cycles Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of daylight in relation to the circadian system based on the text?

Increasing activity in the SCN Signup and view all the answers

Which nucleus is considered the central pacemaker within the circadian system?

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor opposing circadian phase in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness according to the text?

Homeostatic sleep pressure Signup and view all the answers

How does poor sleep impact physical performance according to the text?

Increases awareness of exertion and cognitive impairments. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of somnogens mentioned in the text?

Induce sleep more quickly. Signup and view all the answers

Why is poor sleep associated with a greater risk of exercise-related injuries?

It increases the relative risk of incurring an injury. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of spending time in NREM Sleep stage 3 (N3)?

To regenerate the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the larger issue associated with poor sleep according to the text?

Cognitive impairments associated with vigilance. Signup and view all the answers

How does poor sleep indirectly impact physical performance according to the text?

By contributing to greater awareness of exertion and cognitive impairments. Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the vast majority of research on sleep as it relates to health?

The negative consequences of poor or restricted sleep Signup and view all the answers

How is 'sleep health' characterized in the text?

Subjective satisfaction with sleep Signup and view all the answers

What is sleep deficiency primarily defined as in the context of health?

A deficit in the quantity or quality of sleep obtained for optimal health Signup and view all the answers

What era's perspective of health does the current orientation of sleep research reflect?

Pre-1940s Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying biological purpose of sleep according to the text?

To fulfill individual, social, and environmental demands Signup and view all the answers

How does the text describe the relationship between physical activity and sleep?

'Almost an expected outcome' Signup and view all the answers

Why do light stages of sleep exist according to the Energy Conservation Theory of Sleep?

To protect NREM Sleep stage 3 (N3) and REM sleep Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental premise of the Energy Conservation Theory of Sleep?

Low-energy states during sleep are biologically advantageous Signup and view all the answers

Why do humans tend to prefer entering a low-energy state during the night?

To conserve energy due to poor night vision Signup and view all the answers

How do sleep patterns in organisms align with food availability according to the text?

Organisms sleep when food is most abundantly available Signup and view all the answers

What purpose does entering a low-energy state during sleep serve according to the Energy Conservation Theory?

To conserve energy and reduce risks associated with acquiring food Signup and view all the answers

How do light stages of sleep contribute to the overall sleep cycle according to the Energy Conservation Theory?

By providing a protective field for important sleep stages Signup and view all the answers

What is a key point made about the current state of literature on sleep according to the text?

It primarily focuses on the negative effects of poor sleep. Signup and view all the answers

Which health risks are consistently linked to poor sleep based on the information provided?

Heart disease and diabetes Signup and view all the answers

According to the Canadian 24-hour Movement Guidelines, what is the recommended sleep duration for adults?

8 to 10 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the sleep recommendations for children aged 14 to 17 compared to those aged 5 to 13?

They need less total sleep duration. Signup and view all the answers

When it comes to the duration of actual sleep time, what does it entail?

The total duration excluding any awake periods Signup and view all the answers

What factor is specifically highlighted as important when framing healthy sleep in alignment with modern health perspectives?

Adequate functioning for individual demands Signup and view all the answers