Elderly Diabetes Management Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a risk factor for diabetes mellitus in the elderly?

  • Hypertension and high cholesterol
  • Family history of diabetes
  • Regular exercise (correct)
  • Sedentary lifestyle

    • Blurred vision is a common symptom of diabetes mellitus in the elderly.

    True

    Name one short-term complication of diabetes mellitus.

    Hypoglycemia

    The fasting blood sugar test is considered abnormal if it exceeds ______ mg/dL.

    <p>126</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lifestyle modification can help in managing diabetes?

    <p>Balanced meals with low sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following secondary causes of diabetes mellitus with their descriptions:

    <p>Acromegaly = Excess growth hormone leading to insulin resistance Cushing syndrome = Hormonal disorder causing overproduction of cortisol Thyrotoxicosis = Excess thyroid hormone affecting glucose metabolism Chronic pancreatitis = Inflammation of the pancreas affecting insulin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regular blood glucose monitoring is unnecessary for elderly patients with diabetes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common long-term complication of diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Cardiovascular diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary defect associated with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

    <p>Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diabetes is characterized by low levels of blood glucose.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of people over the age of 65 have diabetes?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type 2 Diabetes is often associated with __________ in the elderly.

    <p>insulin resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of diabetes with its description:

    <p>Type 1 Diabetes = Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells Type 2 Diabetes = Insulin resistance commonly seen in the elderly Gestational Diabetes = Diabetes that occurs during pregnancy MODY = Maturity-Onset Diabetes of Youth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common symptoms of diabetes?

    <p>Increased hunger and fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Long-term diabetes can lead to dysfunction and failure of various organs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one lifestyle factor that increases the risk of diabetes in the elderly.

    <p>Inactivity, poor diet, or obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following classes of medications inhibit insulin secretion?

    <p>Phenothiazines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dietary fat should comprise more than 35% of total calorie intake for individuals with diabetes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily limit for cholesterol consumption in individuals with diabetes?

    <p>300 mg or less</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbohydrates should provide _ to _% of total caloric content of the diet.

    <p>50-60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the dietary components with their recommended percentage of total calorie intake.

    <p>Dietary fat = 25-35% Saturated fat = Not exceed 10% Protein = 10-15% Carbohydrates = 50-60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary benefits of regular physical activity for individuals with diabetes?

    <p>Improves insulin sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excessive salt intake should be encouraged in people with hypertension and nephropathy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should dietary treatment for diabetes aim to ensure?

    <p>Weight control, nutritional requirements, good glycaemic control, and correction of blood lipid abnormalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of thiazolidinediones like pioglitazone and rosiglitazone?

    <p>Sensitize body tissues to insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Long-acting insulin can be mixed with other types of insulin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of action for rapid-acting insulin analogs like lispro?

    <p>2 to 3 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intermediate-acting insulin appears ______ due to the addition of protamine or zinc.

    <p>cloudy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the insulin types to their characteristics:

    <p>Rapid-acting insulin = Onset within 15 minutes Short-acting insulin = Onset within 30 minutes Intermediate-acting insulin = Onset within 1 hour Long-acting insulin = Onset within 1 hour, no peak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which incretin modifier increases insulin secretion and decreases glucagon levels?

    <p>Sitagliptin phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regular insulin is the only type of insulin approved for intravenous use.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients using rapid-acting insulin must eat ______ after injection to prevent hypoglycemia.

    <p>immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended percentage of total body weight loss that can potentially reduce the need for medications in diabetes management?

    <p>5-10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A consistent amount of food and time interval between meals helps prevent hyperglycemic reactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does exercise play in the management of diabetes?

    <p>Exercise lowers blood glucose levels and reduces cardiovascular risk factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Having a spare vial of insulin is recommended as a precaution for ______ patients.

    <p>diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following diabetes management practices with their benefits:

    <p>Weight Loss = Improves blood glucose levels Regular Exercise = Lowers blood glucose and cardiovascular risk Consistent Meal Timing = Prevents hypoglycemic reactions Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose = Helps adjust treatment regimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common precaution that patients taking insulin should consider after exercising?

    <p>Eat a snack after exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) can help motivate patients to continue their treatment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended spacing between meals for effective diabetes management?

    <p>5-6 hours apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using a premixed insulin concentration of 70% NPH and 30% regular?

    <p>It has an onset of action similar to rapid-acting insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insulin should be injected in the same anatomical site to ensure consistent absorption.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients be educated on regarding the storage of insulin?

    <p>Insulin should be refrigerated, not allowed to freeze, and kept away from extremes of temperature and direct sunlight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insulin vials should be __________ before injection to reduce irritation.

    <p>warmed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of insulin with its storage instruction:

    <p>Cloudy insulins = Should be kept at room temperature Opened vials = Discard after 1 month Unopened vials = Can be stored until expiration date Insulin in the abdomen = Absorbs the fastest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended practice for rotating injection sites?

    <p>Use a different site for each injection to prevent complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Weight loss has no significant impact on the treatment of diabetes for obese patients.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended temperature range for storing insulin vials for short periods?

    <p>15º - 30ºC (59º to 86ºF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Diabetes Mellitus

    • Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels.
    • The cause of diabetes is defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.
    • Diabetes is a metabolic disorder with multiple causes.
    • Chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism are characteristic of diabetes.
    • Long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs are impacts of diabetes.

    Common Clinical Conditions Associated with Aging

    • Cognitive decline occurs in aging populations
    • Cardiovascular diseases are a common clinical issue
    • Depression is often linked to aging
    • Polypharmacy (using many medications) is an issue.
    • Injurious falls are more likely in elderly
    • Bone fractures tend to be common
    • Type 2 diabetes is more prevalent in aging individuals
    • Urinary incontinence often occurs with aging
    • Disability is a consequence in some cases

    Types of Diabetes

    • Type 1 Diabetes: Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells.
    • Type 2 Diabetes: Insulin resistance, commonly seen in elderly.
    • Other types:
      • Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA)
      • Maturity-Onset Diabetes of Youth (MODY)
      • Secondary Diabetes Mellitus

    Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in Elderly

    • Common Symptoms:
      • Increased thirst and urination
      • Fatigue and weakness
      • Blurred vision
      • Slow wound healing
      • Unintentional weight loss
    • Symptoms can be mistaken for normal aging effects.
    • Symptoms of diabetes in the elderly often resemble those of normal aging.

    Complications of Diabetes

    • Short-term complications:
      • Hypoglycemia
      • Hyperglycemia
    • Long-term complications:
      • Cardiovascular diseases
      • Neuropathy
      • Retinopathy
      • Nephropathy
      • Foot ulcers
    • Complications of diabetes can result in a number of serious conditions like heart attack, stroke, eye damage, kidney problems, and nerve damage.

    Prevalence of Diabetes in the Elderly

    • Nearly 25% of people over 65 have diabetes.
    • Higher risk of complications exists due to co-existing conditions.
    • Age-related insulin resistance is a prominent cause.
    • Lifestyle factors, like inactivity, poor diet, and obesity, increase the risk.

    Risk Factors for Diabetes in the Elderly

    • Age-related decline in pancreatic function
    • Family history of diabetes
    • Sedentary lifestyle
    • Obesity and poor diet
    • Hypertension and high cholesterol
    • Alcohol consumption
    • Unhealthy diet
    • Genetic predisposition
    • Environmental factors

    Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus

    • Fasting blood sugar test: >126 mg/dL
    • HbA1c test: >6.5%
    • Oral glucose tolerance test

    Monitoring of Diabetes

    • Regular blood glucose monitoring
    • Checking for complications (foot checks, eye exams)

    Treatment of Diabetes

    • Treatment goals: Maintain blood glucose levels within a target range.
    • Lifestyle modifications:
      • Diet: Balanced meals with low sugar
      • Exercise: Moderate, regular physical activity
    • Importance of good nutrition for elderly
    • Avoid complications.
    • Oral Anti-Diabetic Agents
      • Biguanides (e.g., metformin)
      • Insulin secretagogues (e.g., sulfonylureas)
      • Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (e.g., acarbose)
      • Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) (e.g., pioglitazone)

    Insulin Therapy

    • Short-term use: Used in acute illness, surgery, emergencies, pregnancy, and breast-feeding.
    • Long-term use: For cases where combination therapy is not sufficient. Insulin regimens may change.
    • Insulin can be taken in several ways depending on type, patient circumstances, and blood glucose levels

    Self-Care Management for Diabetes

    • Blood glucose monitoring
    • Body weight monitoring
    • Foot-care
    • Personal hygiene
    • Healthy lifestyle
    • Identify targets for control
    • Essential to emphasize self-management in controlling the condition.

    Hypoglycemia in Elderly Patients

    • Causes:
      • Skipping meals
      • Too much insulin or oral hypoglycemics
      • Physical activity without medication adjustments
    • Signs: Dizziness, confusion, sweating, shakiness, and weakness
    • Treatment: Immediate intake of fast-acting carbohydrates.

    Nursing Care of Diabetes Mellitus

    • Nursing care goals
      • Effective treatment for normalization of blood glucose.
      • Decreasing complications
    • Nurse's Role
      • Tailor teaching to patient needs and abilities.
      • Teach effective patient education on diabetes management.

    Nursing Interventions and Rationale

    • Assess for signs of hyperglycemia
    • Maintain and assess blood glucose levels before meals and bedtime.
    • Monitor patient HbA1c.
    • Monitor weight daily
    • Assess for signs of hypoglycemia
    • Assess feet
    • Assess bowel sounds
    • Monitor urine albumin and serum creatinine for renal failure.
    • Note pattern of physical activity and educate on importance
    • Examine, assess, and review patient's self monitoring and technique
    • Review exercise precautions for patients on insulin
    • Proper storage of insulin
    • Importance of weight loss
    • Maintain consistency in food intake and timing of meals
    • Educate about health benefits and importance of exercise
    • Provide instruction to patients on self monitoring blood glucose
    • Observe techniques for self-monitoring blood glucose
    • Educate on the importance of maintaining insulin pump's patency

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on diabetes mellitus, particularly in the elderly. This quiz covers risk factors, symptoms, complications, and management strategies for diabetes. Explore questions related to Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes as they relate to older adults.

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