Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards Chapter 26
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Questions and Answers

What is diabetes mellitus?

Metabolic disorders characterized by elevated blood glucose concentrations and disordered insulin metabolism.

Diabetes mellitus affects an estimated ______ % of adults aged 20 and older in the United States, or about _______ million people.

11.3%, 26 million

What is the 7th leading cause of death in the United States?

Diabetes

What is hyperglycemia?

<p>Elevated blood glucose concentrations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is glycosuria?

<p>The presence of glucose in the urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of diabetes mellitus?

<p>Frequent urination, dehydration, dry mouth, increased thirst, weight loss, increased appetite, blurred vision, increased infections, and fatigue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of hyperglycemia?

<p>Blurred vision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criteria is used to diagnose diabetes?

<p>Plasma glucose concentration of a blood sample (200 mg/dL or higher), plasma glucose of 126 mg/dL or higher after fasting, plasma glucose 2 hours after a glucose load is 200 mg/dL or higher, or HbA1c level is 6.5% or higher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is prediabetes?

<p>Individuals who have blood glucose levels between normal and diabetic, that is, between 100 and 125 mg/dL when fasting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gestational diabetes?

<p>Pregnancies that lead to abnormal glucose tolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main types of diabetes?

<p>Type 1 and Type 2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe Type 1 diabetes.

<p>Characterized by absolute insulin deficiency, usually from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does Type 1 diabetes develop?

<p>It develops during childhood or adolescence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms associated with Type 1 diabetes?

<p>Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, and weakness or fatigue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ketoacidosis?

<p>Acidosis due to excessive production of ketone bodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe Type 2 diabetes.

<p>Characterized by insulin resistance coupled with insufficient insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diabetes is the most prevalent?

<p>Type 2 diabetes accounts for 90 to 95% of cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hyperinsulinemia?

<p>Abnormally high levels of insulin in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the causes that increase the risk of Type 2 diabetes?

<p>Obesity, aging, and physical inactivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethnic populations are more prevalent to Type 2 diabetes?

<p>African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans, Mexican Americans, Native Americans, and Pacific Islanders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Diabetes Mellitus Overview

  • Metabolic disorder featuring elevated blood glucose levels and disordered insulin metabolism.
  • Affects approximately 11.3% of U.S. adults aged 20 and older, equating to about 26 million people.
  • Ranked as the 7th leading cause of death in the United States.

Key Terms and Definitions

  • Hyperglycemia: Condition marked by elevated blood glucose concentrations.
  • Glycosuria: Presence of glucose in urine, leading to increased urination due to osmotic effects.
  • Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus: Include polyuria, dehydration, dry mouth, polydipsia, weight loss, increased appetite, blurred vision, fatigue, and frequent infections.

Diagnosis Criteria

  • Diagnosis using plasma glucose levels:
    • 200 mg/dL or higher post-glucose load.
    • 126 mg/dL or higher after fasting for at least 8 hours.
    • HbA1c level of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes.
  • Prediabetes: Blood glucose levels between 100 and 125 mg/dL when fasting.

Types of Diabetes

  • Gestational Diabetes: Abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy.

  • Type 1 Diabetes:

    • Characterized by absolute insulin deficiency due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
    • Develops mainly during childhood or adolescence.
    • Symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, weakness, and fatigue.
    • Ketoacidosis can be an initial sign.

  • Type 2 Diabetes:

    • Involves insulin resistance and insufficient insulin production.
    • The most prevalent type, accounting for 90-95% of diabetes cases.

Risk Factors and Population Prevalence

  • Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factors: Include obesity, aging, and lack of physical activity.
  • Ethnic groups at higher risk: African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans, Mexican Americans, Native Americans, and Pacific Islanders.

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Test your knowledge on diabetes mellitus with this set of flashcards. Explore key definitions, statistics, and its impact on health as covered in Chapter 26. Perfect for students or anyone interested in understanding diabetes better.

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