EKG Plain and Simple Chapter 1 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the heart?

To pump enough blood to meet the body's metabolic needs.

About how many times does the heart beat per minute and circulates how many liters of blood per minute?

Heart beats about 60 to 100 times per minute and circulates 4 to 8 liters of blood per minute.

Average heart beats approximately and pumps about how many liters of blood?

Hearts beats approximately 90,000 times and pumps out 6,000 liters of blood.

Where is the heart located?

<p>Thoracic (chest) cavity, between the lungs in a cavity called mediastinum above the diaphragm, behind the sternum, and in front of the spine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

<p>Epicardium, Myocardium and Endocardium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the epicardium?

<p>The outermost layer of the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the myocardium?

<p>The middle and thickest layer that is made of pure muscle and does the work of contracting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the endocardium?

<p>The thin innermost layer that lines the heart's chambers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the Cardiac Conduction System located?

<p>Endocardium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What surrounds the heart?

<p>Pericardium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pericardium?

<p>To support and protect and anchor the heart to the diaphragm and great vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the small amount of fluid found between the layers of the pericardium called?

<p>Pericardial fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the heart chambers?

<p>Right atrium, Right ventricle, Left atrium, Left ventricle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the right atrium?

<p>Receiving chamber for deoxygenated blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the right ventricle?

<p>Pumps the blood to the lungs for fresh supply of oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the left atrium?

<p>Receiving chamber for the blood returning to the heart from the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the left ventricle?

<p>Pumps blood out to the entire body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the job of the atria?

<p>To deliver blood to the ventricles that lie directly below them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many heart valves does the heart have and what is their job?

<p>Heart has 4 valves; 2 semilunar and 2 AV valves; their job is to prevent backflow of blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are semilunar valves?

<p>Separate a ventricle from an artery and have three half-moon-shaped cusps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the pulmonic valve located?

<p>Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the aortic valve located?

<p>Between the left ventricle and the aorta.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an Atrioventricular (AV) valve?

<p>Located between an atrium and a ventricle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are chordae tendineae?

<p>Tendinous cords that attach to the AV valves and prevent them from everting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are papillary muscles?

<p>The muscle to which the chordae tendineae are attached at the bottom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the tricuspid valve?

<p>Located between the right atrium and ventricle, has three cusps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mitral valve?

<p>Located between the left atrium and ventricle, has two cusps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what changes do the valves open and close?

<p>When they are under pressure and they open only in the direction of blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is valve closure responsible for?

<p>The sounds made by the beating heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does S1 reflect?

<p>The closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does S2 reflect?

<p>Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during systole?

<p>The heart beats and expels its blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during diastole?

<p>The heart rests and fills with blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the five great vessels.

<p>Superior vena cava (SVC), Inferior vena cava (IVC), Pulmonary artery, Pulmonary vein, Aorta.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the superior vena cava (SVC)?

<p>The large vein that returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from the head, neck, and upper chest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the inferior vena cava (IVC)?

<p>The large vein that returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from the lower chest, abdomen, and legs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pulmonary artery?

<p>The large artery that takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are pulmonary veins?

<p>Four large veins that return the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the aorta?

<p>The largest artery in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does blood flow through the heart?

<p>Superior or inferior vena cava - Right Atrium - Tricuspid Valve - Right Ventricle - Pulmonic Valve - Pulmonary Artery - Lungs - Pulmonary Veins - Left Atrium - Mitral Valve - Left Ventricle - Aortic Valve - Aorta - Body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cardiac cycle and how many phases does it have?

<p>Refers to the mechanical events that occur to pump blood; it has two phases: diastole and systole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during diastole and systole?

<p>During diastole, ventricles relax and fill; during systole, the ventricles contract and expel their blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the phases of diastole?

<p>Rapid-filling phase, Diastasis, Atrial Kick.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the phases of systole?

<p>Isovolumetric contraction, Ventricular ejection, Protodiastole, Isovolumetric relaxation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rapid filling phase?

<p>The first phase of diastole in which the ventricles rapidly fill with blood from the atria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diastasis phase?

<p>The phase in diastole in which the atrial and ventricular pressures are equalizing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the atrial kick?

<p>The phase of diastole in which the atria contract to propel their blood into the ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is isovolumetric contraction?

<p>The first phase of systole; the ventricles are contracting but no blood flow is occurring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ventricular ejection?

<p>The phase of systole in which the semilunar valves pop open and blood pours out of the ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is protodiastole?

<p>The third phase of systole in which the blood flow out of the ventricles slows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is isovolumetric relaxation?

<p>The final phase of systole; the semilunar valves slam shut and prevents blood from entering the ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does blood flow through the systemic circulation?

<p>Aorta - Arteries - Arterioles - Capillary bed - Venules - Veins - Vena cava.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is systemic circulation?

<p>The part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are coronary arteries?

<p>The arteries that feed oxygenated blood to the myocardium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the left anterior descending (LAD)?

<p>A branch off the left main coronary artery that supplies blood to the anterior wall of the left ventricle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the circumflex artery?

<p>A branch of the left main coronary artery that feeds the lateral wall of the left ventricle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the right coronary artery (RCA)?

<p>Feeds the right ventricle and the inferior wall of the left ventricle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is deoxygenated blood returned to the right atrium?

<p>By coronary veins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many heart cells does the heart have?

<p>Two: Contractile cells and Conduction system cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do contractile cells do?

<p>Cause the heart muscle to contract, resulting in a heartbeat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do conduction system cells do?

<p>Create and conduct electrical signals to tell the heart when to beat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the heart influenced by the autonomic system (ANS)?

<p>Controls involuntary biological functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The autonomic system is subdivided into what?

<p>Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What chemical mediates the sympathetic nervous system?

<p>Norepinephrine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What chemical mediates the parasympathetic nervous system?

<p>Acetylcholine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is syncope?

<p>Fainting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Heart Function and Anatomy

  • The heart's primary function is to pump blood to meet the body's metabolic needs.
  • Beats approximately 60 to 100 times per minute, circulating 4 to 8 liters of blood.
  • Approximately 90,000 total heartbeats per day, pumping around 6,000 liters of blood.
  • Located in the thoracic cavity, specifically in the mediastinum between the lungs, above the diaphragm, and behind the sternum.
  • Composed of three layers: Epicardium (outer layer), Myocardium (muscle layer), and Endocardium (inner layer).

Heart Layers

  • Epicardium: Outermost layer, contains coronary arteries.
  • Myocardium: Middle and thickest layer, responsible for heart contractions and damage during heart attacks.
  • Endocardium: Thin inner lining of heart chambers, forms heart valves, ensures waterproofing, and houses the cardiac conduction system.

Cardiac Conduction and Surroundings

  • The cardiac conduction system is situated within the endocardium.
  • The heart is encased in a double-walled sac called the pericardium, which supports and protects it, anchoring it to the diaphragm and great vessels.
  • Pericardial fluid minimizes friction between pericardium layers during heartbeats.

Heart Chambers and Function

  • Four chambers: Right Atrium (receives deoxygenated blood), Right Ventricle (pumps blood to lungs), Left Atrium (receives oxygenated blood), and Left Ventricle (pumps blood to the body).
  • Right Atrium has an oxygen saturation of 60%-75%, while the Left Atrium reaches about 100%.
  • Atria deliver blood to corresponding ventricles with minimal contraction required due to thin walls.

Heart Valves

  • Comprises four valves (2 semilunar, 2 atrioventricular), functioning to prevent backflow of blood.
  • Semilunar Valves: Pulmonary (between right ventricle and pulmonary artery) and Aortic (between left ventricle and aorta).
  • Atrioventricular Valves: Located between atria and ventricles. Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles support these valves and prevent backflow.

Heart Sounds and Cardiac Cycle

  • Heart sounds (Lub-dub) are produced by the closing of valves: S1 (closure of Mitral and Tricuspid) and S2 (closure of Aortic and Pulmonic).
  • The cardiac cycle consists of two phases: diastole (relaxation and filling) and systole (contraction and ejection).

Blood Flow Mechanism

  • Blood flow pathway: Superior/Inferior Vena Cava → Right Atrium → Tricuspid Valve → Right Ventricle → Pulmonic Valve → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs → Pulmonary Veins → Left Atrium → Mitral Valve → Left Ventricle → Aortic Valve → Aorta → Body.
  • Systemic Circulation: Carries oxygenated blood to body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Coronary Arteries

  • Supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium only during diastole.
  • Major branches include the Left Anterior Descending (LAD) artery and Circumflex artery affecting the left ventricle.
  • Right Coronary Artery (RCA) nourishes the right ventricle and inferior wall of the left ventricle.

Autonomic Nervous System Influence

  • The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates involuntary functions, divided into sympathetic (fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic (rest-and-digest).
  • Sympathetic system uses norepinephrine to increase heart rate and blood pressure.
  • Parasympathetic system releases acetylcholine via the vagus nerve to lower heart rate and blood pressure.

Heart Cell Types

  • Features two primary cell types: Contractile cells (create muscle contractions) and Conduction system cells (generate and conduct electrical signals for heartbeat regulation).

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering Chapter 1 of 'EKG Plain and Simple'. Learn about the heart's functions, average heart rate, and blood circulation. These flashcards are a great tool for anyone studying cardiology.

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