Einigung Deutschlands/Italiens und Rotes Kreuz

Peasants were freed from feudal obligations (paying dues and providing services) to their landlords.

Peasants had to pay a fee (called "Ablöse") to their former lords to finally own their land.

A loose alliance of German states with no unified government or laws.

An elected assembly tasked with creating a constitution for a unified Germany.

A plan for a unified Germany without Austria.

A plan for a unified Germany including parts of Austria.

King Frederick William IV refused the German crown offered by the National Assembly.

Attempts to create a unified German nation failed due to disagreements over Austria's role in the new German state.

Pius IX's initial attempts to lead Italian unification through amnesty and press freedoms, and eventual retreat of Papal troops.

A war fought in 1848-1849, where Italian states fought Austria to unify Italy, failing to achieve a unified state.

Camillo Benso's modernization of Piedmont-Sardinia through free trade agreements and military alliances to prepare for unification.

Napoleon III's support for Piedmont-Sardinia against Austria, enabling them to gain influence.

Austria's military strength and opposition to Italian unification, leading to defeats for Italian forces.

Piedmont-Sardinia emerged as the leading force in the effort to unify Italy, becoming the future Kingdom of Italy, under Cavour's guidance.

Popular uprisings in Southern Italy demanding liberation and prompting several Italian states to adopt constitutions

Defeat of the Italian forces by Austria, ultimately delaying Italian unification further at Custozza & Novara, during the First War of Independence.

Cavour strategically used diplomacy and alliances to provoke Austria, leading to the Second War of Italian Independence, which strengthened Piedmont-Sardinia's position.

A war between Austria and Sardinia-Piedmont, supported by France, which resulted in Austria ceding Lombardy, but not Venetia.

Garibaldi led an army of volunteers (the 'Thousand') and conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, contributing to the unification of Italy.

Austria maintained control over Venetia, Trentino, and other regions after the Second War of Italian Independence.

The war led to Austrian losses and solidified the regional strength of Sardinia-Piedmont in Italy. However, significant territory remained under Austrian control.

Lombardy was transferred from Austria to Sardinia-Piedmont, while Savoy and Nice were ceded to France as a result of the Second War of Italian Independence.

Italian desires for unification and the pursuit of independence from foreign rule led to Italian unification wars.

A key military figure in the Italian unification movement, particularly known for the conquest of the Two Sicilies.

Garibaldi, after conquering parts of Southern Italy, recognized Victor Emmanuel II as King of Italy and placed himself under his command.

The process of combining the Italian states into a single kingdom culminating in the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy.

Austrian control over the regions of Lombardy and Venetia, remaining outside of the newly united Italy.

Conflict between France and Prussia that led to the withdrawal of French troops from Rome, contributing to Rome becoming Italy's capital.

Rome became the capital of the unified Kingdom of Italy in 1871, placing it as the central hub.

Pius IX lost his political influence when the Italian army took Rome.

Italy allied with Prussia to fight against Austrian dominance, aiming to gain Lombardo-Venetia.

Victor Emmanuel II played a key role in uniting Italy, becoming the first King of Italy.

Despite Italian unification in 1861, areas like Triest, Görz, Istrien, and Trentino remained outside Italian control.

German states, unified through common economic policies like the Zollverein, which standardized tariffs, currencies, and measurements.

The Zollverein fostered German economic unity by creating common trade policies, leading to the breakdown of regional barriers and enabling trade growth.

Following the Zollverein came political unity, culminating in the declaration of the German Empire in 1871.

Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian Minister President, played a crucial role in German political unification by pursuing a strong military policy, including a war against Austria.

The Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) led to the incorporation of the southern German states into the North German Confederation and the formation of the German Empire.

Wilhelm I, King of Prussia, became the Emperor (Kaiser) of the new German Empire in 1871, solidifying political unity.

In 1871, the German Empire was established, marking the complete political unification of most German states.

Swiss businessman who witnessed the devastation of Solferino and founded the International Red Cross, aiming to help war victims.

Site of a bloody battle in 1859, where high number of causalities led to emergency medical assistance.

Neutral organization providing aid to war victims and those affected by disasters, based on the principles of humanity and neutrality.

International agreement protecting war victims; promoting humane conduct in wartime.

The symbol of the organization; a red cross on a white background.

Volunteer work for the public good (often unpaid); a vital component of non-profit organizations.

Organizations without a goal for profit; aiming for community benefit; working with donations or volunteer work.

People affected by war and armed conflicts, who need aid and assistance.