PPA 2 Final

A patient with chronic renal disease is likely to experience anemia due to the kidneys' reduced ability to produce which hormone?

The removal of which substance is NOT a primary function of the kidneys?

Which of the following plays a role in regulating blood pressure?

Where does the renal artery enter the kidney?

During periods of prolonged fasting, the kidneys contribute to maintaining blood glucose levels by synthesizing new glucose from amino acids and glycerol. What is this process called?

Which of the following best describes the function of the efferent arteriole in the renal vascular system?

In a healthy individual, what happens to glucose as it passes through the nephron under normal conditions?

The glomerular filtration barrier is composed of which structures?

Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in the body needing to reabsorb more sodium ($Na^+$)?

How does damage to the glomerulus affect the composition of urine?

What is the primary effect of angiotensin II on the efferent arteriole and the subsequent impact on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

How does the myogenic response contribute to autoregulation in the kidneys when systemic blood pressure increases?

If sodium and chloride delivery to the glomerulus decreases, how does tubuloglomerular feedback help restore normal filtration rates?

Why is reabsorption such a critical process in kidney function?

What is the role of the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in sodium reabsorption, and where is it located?

Which of the following statements accurately describes the action of the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

In a normal, healthy individual, what substance is expected to be completely reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and therefore not present in the urine?

A patient is prescribed a loop diuretic. How does this medication impact ion transport in the thick ascending loop of Henle to achieve its therapeutic effect?

Which of the following best explains the physiological significance of the countercurrent system in the loop of Henle?

A physician decides to combine a loop diuretic with a thiazide diuretic for a patient with severe edema. What is the primary rationale for this combination therapy?

Thiazide diuretics inhibit the sodium-chloride co-transporter located on which membrane of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the collecting tubule in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance?

Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in an elevated serum creatinine level?

Why is inulin not typically used in clinical practice to measure GFR, despite being an accurate marker?

If 1 millimole of calcium chloride ($CaCl_2$) is added to a solution, how many milliosmoles of osmotic pressure will it generate, assuming complete dissociation?

Which of the following factors primarily governs water distribution between the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments?

Creatinine clearance is used to estimate GFR, but it is known to sometimes overestimate the true GFR. What is the primary reason for this overestimation?

A patient's plasma creatinine level suddenly doubles. Assuming no change in creatinine production rate, what approximate change in GFR would you expect?

Following strenuous exercise on a hot day with substantial sweat loss, what changes would you expect to see in plasma sodium concentration and extracellular fluid volume?

Why does urea contribute to plasma osmolality but not typically to effective osmotic pressure?

A patient is experiencing excessive thirst and frequent urination, and lab results indicate that they are unable to concentrate their urine. If the patient's hypothalamus is producing adequate levels of AVP, which of the following is the most likely cause of their symptoms?

How do non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) affect water reabsorption in the kidneys?

In a patient with severe blood loss, how does the body prioritize maintaining blood pressure and volume?

What is the primary mechanism by which AVP increases water reabsorption in the kidneys?

A patient presents with hypernatremia. Assuming they have free access to water, which of the following is the most likely underlying cause?

A patient with congestive heart failure experiences increased cardiac filling pressure. Which of the following hormonal responses would be expected?

A patient is diagnosed with a tumor that autonomously secretes aldosterone. Which set of changes would be most likely observed in this patient's lab results?

A researcher is studying the effects of a new drug that selectively blocks angiotensin II receptors (AT1 receptors). What would be the expected direct consequences of administering this drug?

Following a significant drop in blood pressure, cardiopulmonary baroreceptors stimulate the sympathetic nervous system. What effect does this stimulation exert on renin secretion?

A patient presents with acute hyponatremia. Which compensatory mechanism is LEAST likely to have occurred to mitigate the effects of the condition on brain osmolality?

How does the kidney determine the final quantity of a particular solute that is excreted in the urine?

Which characteristic makes a substance ideal for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

How does tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) work to prevent damage to the glomerulus?

Despite its theoretical suitability for GFR measurement, why is inulin not routinely used in clinical practice?

What is the effect of arginine vasopressin (AVP) on urine osmolality?

Following the administration of desmopressin (DDAVP) to a patient, which response would strongly suggest a diagnosis of central diabetes insipidus?

Why are urine sodium levels typically low in pre-renal disease?

What is the primary clinical application of the Cockcroft-Gault formula?

A patient with COPD might experience which of the following physiological changes as a result of increased resistance to expiratory airflow?

A researcher is comparing tissue samples from a benign tumor and a malignant tumor. Which characteristic would be most indicative of the malignant tumor?

During a study on cervical cancer development, researchers observe that HPV E6 and E7 proteins are highly expressed in cancerous cells. What cellular process is most directly affected by these proteins?

A patient is diagnosed with cancer that has metastasized to the bone. Which of the following processes best describes how the cancer cells reached the distant site?

Using the TNM staging system, a pathologist describes a tumor as T3, N2, M0. What does this classification indicate about the patient's cancer?

A patient presents with symptoms of a pituitary lesion affecting hormone secretion. If the lesion specifically impairs the posterior pituitary gland, which hormone level would be most directly affected?

A patient is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting tumor that is unresponsive to negative feedback mechanisms. How would this condition primarily affect hormone regulation?

A woman in the early stages of pregnancy experiences a decline in corpus luteum function. Which hormonal change would most likely result from this decline?

A patient's lab results indicate an abnormally low level of TSH, accompanied by elevated levels of T3 and T4. Which of the following conditions is the most likely cause of these findings?

Following a meal, blood glucose levels rise, triggering the release of insulin. What is the primary mechanism through which insulin lowers blood glucose?