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What is the meaning of capsula in Latin?
What is the meaning of capsula in Latin?
A small box
What are the two main types of capsules?
What are the two main types of capsules?
What is the most important property of gelatin for capsule manufacturers?
What is the most important property of gelatin for capsule manufacturers?
Bloom strength and viscosity
The basic process of making gelatin from bovine bones takes about 10 times as long as the acid process for porcine skins.
The basic process of making gelatin from bovine bones takes about 10 times as long as the acid process for porcine skins.
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Hypromellose capsules have a standard moisture content of 13%-16% w/W.
Hypromellose capsules have a standard moisture content of 13%-16% w/W.
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Gelatin capsules are readily soluble in water at 37 °C.
Gelatin capsules are readily soluble in water at 37 °C.
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What is the simplest way to estimate the fill weight for a powder capsule?
What is the simplest way to estimate the fill weight for a powder capsule?
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The shape of the capsule has remained virtually unchanged since its invention, except for the development of the self-locking capsule.
The shape of the capsule has remained virtually unchanged since its invention, except for the development of the self-locking capsule.
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What are the three main factors in powder capsule formulation?
What are the three main factors in powder capsule formulation?
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Formulating a capsule to give modified-release patterns is often achieved using granules or coated pellets.
Formulating a capsule to give modified-release patterns is often achieved using granules or coated pellets.
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What is the most commonly used lubricant for both encapsulation and tableting?
What is the most commonly used lubricant for both encapsulation and tableting?
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Superdisintegrants are used to improve dissolution properties of capsules by increasing the cohesiveness of the powder mass.
Superdisintegrants are used to improve dissolution properties of capsules by increasing the cohesiveness of the powder mass.
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What is the main factor governing whether swelling or wicking is the primary disruptive force of a disintegrant in capsule formulation?
What is the main factor governing whether swelling or wicking is the primary disruptive force of a disintegrant in capsule formulation?
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Why is it necessary to optimize capsule formulations during development?
Why is it necessary to optimize capsule formulations during development?
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What are the main factors in powder capsule release?
What are the main factors in powder capsule release?
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Capsules are always formulated to release their contents in the stomach.
Capsules are always formulated to release their contents in the stomach.
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The capsule shape is a good design for swallowing because the tongue automatically aligns it with its long axis pointing towards the throat.
The capsule shape is a good design for swallowing because the tongue automatically aligns it with its long axis pointing towards the throat.
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Patients with difficulty swallowing should be instructed to swallow capsules while lying down to aid gravity.
Patients with difficulty swallowing should be instructed to swallow capsules while lying down to aid gravity.
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Floating capsules utilize hydrophilic polymers that swell on contact with water, forming a mass that floats on the gastric liquids.
Floating capsules utilize hydrophilic polymers that swell on contact with water, forming a mass that floats on the gastric liquids.
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Gastro-resistant capsules are typically formulated by coating the filled capsule with an enteric film or by coating pellets with an enteric polymer.
Gastro-resistant capsules are typically formulated by coating the filled capsule with an enteric film or by coating pellets with an enteric polymer.
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The current consensus suggests that monolithic prolonged-release dosage forms are better than multi-particulate systems.
The current consensus suggests that monolithic prolonged-release dosage forms are better than multi-particulate systems.
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Colpermin is an example of a capsule formulated to give a prolonged release.
Colpermin is an example of a capsule formulated to give a prolonged release.
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Study Notes
PPA 510: PHARMACEUTICS V, PPA 512: ORAL SOLID DOSAGE FORMS - HARD GELATIN CAPSULES
- Course title: Pharmaceutics V, Oral Solid Dosage Forms (PPA 510 and PPA 512)
- Topic: Hard Gelatin Capsules
- Presented by: Dr. Erick Kithinji Nega
OUTLINE
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Introduction: The word "capsule" originates from the Latin word "capsula," meaning a small box. In pharmacy, it denotes an edible package of medicine, typically made from gelatin, which holds a specific dosage.
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Raw Materials:
- Gelatin: The primary component, derived from collagen in animal skins and bones. Two types: Acid (Type A) and Basic (Type B) hydrolysis. Acid process (porcine skins) takes 7-10 days, while bovine bones take 10 times longer.
- Ossein: Intermediate, sponge-like material in the bovine bone process.
- Colourants: Water-soluble dyes (e.g., erythrosine, indigo carmine, quinoline yellow) and insoluble pigments (e.g., black, red, yellow iron oxides, titanium dioxide).
- Processing aids: Sodium lauryl sulfate as a wetting agent, preservatives are less common currently.
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Manufacture:
- The process is similar to the original 1846 patent.
- Hot gelatin solution dips metal molds, cools and dries.
- Machine parts are mirror images (cap/body).
- Two levels: upper/lower; 50,000 pins per machine.
- Air-conditioned, temperature/humidity controlled rooms.
- Drying in kilns, controlled humidity.
- Two parts joined, cleaned, and lubricated.
- Prelocking before filling to avoid damage.
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Empty Capsule Properties:
- Gelatin capsules contain significant water, acting as a plasticizer.
- Moisture content specification: 13%-16% w/w, that can vary depending on conditions (high humidity makes the capsule soft, while low humidity makes the capsule brittle)
- Moisture content maintained by sealed, constant-temperature storage. Hypromellose capsules maintain 3-6% moisture
- Gelatin is soluble at 37C, its solubility in water reduces with temperatures below 26C, and swells with water at temperatures below 26C.
- Gelatin capsules contain significant water, acting as a plasticizer.
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Capsule Filling:
- Capsule sizes: Standard sizes range from 0 to 4 (and some larger sizes), volumes vary.
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Powder formulations:
- Filling of powders, pellets, granules, tablets, semi-solids, and liquids (including liquids and semi-solids) all using various approaches.
- Different filling machines for various sizes and needs.
- Important properties are the nature of capsules and the handling of materials.
- Empty capsules are prepared in bulk.
- Capsule orientation, loading, and rectification (making all caps point in the same direction).
- Filling mechanisms (auger, dosator, tamping finger and disc) are available for industrial and bench-scale filling.
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Formulation for filling properties:
- Powders need good flow and no adhesion to fill.
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Different excipients (e.g., diluents, lubricants, glidants) influence these properties.
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Hydrophobic and hydrophilic mixtures.
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Formulation for release of active ingredients:
- First stage: disintegrating the capsule shell at body temperature (37°C) where it dissolves/breaks.
- The time for complete disintegration varies.
- Active release is governed by the solubility of the contents.
- Using a soluble diluent (like lactose) for poorly soluble drugs and using less soluble diluents for readily soluble drugs.
- Excipients affect the rate of release and dissolution.
- Some excipients (lubricants and glidants) can affect the rate of release, and are used to improve the flow of materials and reduce friction.
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Formulation Optimization:
- Using statistical tools from analysis of variance experiments based on the various excipients and process operations.
- Computer-based expert systems (like neural networks) can assist formulation optimization.
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Formulation for position of release:
- Many products are designed to be released in the stomach, but that may not always be ideal for absorption
- There are various techniques, including using floating capsules. Other techniques include coating granules or pellets with enteric coatings.
- This leads to controlled release in different parts of the GIT. Products could be designed for release in the colon to avoid gastric enzymes.
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Test your knowledge on Hard Gelatin Capsules in Pharmaceutics V and Oral Solid Dosage Forms. This quiz explores the raw materials, processing, and applications of gelatin capsules used in pharmacy. Ideal for students and professionals in pharmaceutical sciences.
