17 Questions
What type of conditioning involves an organism making a response to avoid an unpleasant stimulus?
Avoidance conditioning
Which type of cognitive learning involves reorganizing information into new insights or understanding?
Metacognition
What is the purpose of nonreinforcement in altering behavior?
Decrease the probability of response
Which mechanism involves an organism making a response that stops an unpleasant stimulus?
Escape conditioning
In psychological learning theory, what occurs when an aversive stimulus is applied following a response?
Punishment
What aspect of cognitive learning influences the learning process based on past experiences and perceptions?
Metacognition
What is the term used to describe the reappearance of a response that was previously extinguished?
Spontaneous recovery
Which behavior model focuses on the behavior of the organism and the reinforcement that occurs after the response?
Operant conditioning
What is the term used for a stimulus or event applied after a response to strengthen the probability of that response occurring again?
Reinforcer
Which method strengthens a response by applying rewards, leading to the repetition of desired behavior?
Positive reinforcement
In operant conditioning, when specific responses are reinforced on the proper schedule, what can happen to behaviors?
They can be either increased or decreased
Which ego defense mechanism involves ignoring or refusing to acknowledge the reality of a threat?
Denial
In which ego defense mechanism do individuals excuse or explain away a threat?
Projection
Which defense mechanism involves taking out hostility and aggression on other individuals rather than the source of the threat?
Displacement
Which defense mechanism involves keeping unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or actions from conscious awareness?
Repression
Which ego defense mechanism involves expressing or behaving the opposite of what is really felt?
Reaction Formation
Which defense mechanism involves converting repressed feelings into socially acceptable actions?
Sublimation
Study Notes
Conditioning and Learning
- Avoidance conditioning involves an organism making a response to avoid an unpleasant stimulus.
- Cognitive learning involving reorganizing information into new insights or understanding is called insight learning.
Operant Conditioning
- Nonreinforcement is used to alter behavior by withdrawing a stimulus, leading to a decrease in the frequency of the behavior.
- The mechanism that stops an unpleasant stimulus is called escape conditioning.
- When an aversive stimulus is applied following a response, it is called punishment.
- The reappearance of a response that was previously extinguished is called spontaneous recovery.
Behavior Models
- The behavior model that focuses on the behavior of the organism and the reinforcement that occurs after the response is called operant conditioning.
- A stimulus or event applied after a response to strengthen the probability of that response occurring again is called a reinforcer.
Reinforcement Methods
- The method that strengthens a response by applying rewards, leading to the repetition of desired behavior is called positive reinforcement.
- When specific responses are reinforced on the proper schedule, behaviors can increase in frequency.
Ego Defense Mechanisms
- The ego defense mechanism that involves ignoring or refusing to acknowledge the reality of a threat is called denial.
- The ego defense mechanism that involves excusing or explaining away a threat is called rationalization.
- The defense mechanism that involves taking out hostility and aggression on other individuals rather than the source of the threat is called displacement.
- The defense mechanism that involves keeping unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or actions from conscious awareness is called repression.
- The ego defense mechanism that involves expressing or behaving the opposite of what is really felt is called reaction formation.
- The defense mechanism that involves converting repressed feelings into socially acceptable actions is called sublimation.
Test your knowledge on ego defense mechanisms including denial, rationalization, displacement, repression, regression, and projection. Learn how individuals cope with threats and stress through various psychological strategies.
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