Questions and Answers
What is an effortful processing strategy?
A way to encode information into memory to keep it from decaying and make it easier to retrieve.
What is effortful processing also known as?
Chunking
What is chunking?
Organizing data into manageable units.
Chunking works even better if we can assemble information into ___________.
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Provide an example of chunking.
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We encode better with the help of ________.
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A mnemonics is a memory 'trick' that connects information to ________________.
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A peg word system refers to the technique of visually associating new words with ___________.
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What does massed practice refer to?
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What was noted by Hermann Ebbinghaus regarding the spacing effect?
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The ______ the time between study sessions, the better the long-term retention, and the _____ sessions you need!
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What is the best way to study according to the testing effect?
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What are explicit memories?
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Our minds acquire information through/Explicit memories: __________.
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How are explicit memories formed?
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What are implicit memories?
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Implicit memories are formed through: __________.
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Implicit memories are formed without our awareness that we are building __________.
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What is procedural memory?
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What are conditioned associations?
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What are two other things that go directly into long-term implicit memory?
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_________ refer to emotionally intense events that become 'burned in' as a vivid-seeming memory.
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Note that flashbulb memories are not as _____ as they feel.
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______ memory is not stored as a file that can be retrieved by searching alphabetically.
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Instead, retrieval challenge is stored as a web of associations. Name three types.
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What does memory involve?
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Priming triggers a thread of __________.
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We retrieve a memory more easily when in the ______ as when we formed the memory.
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What are memories linked to?
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What does mood-congruent memory refer to?
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What is the serial position effect?
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What is the case of Henry Molaison?
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Retrograde amnesia refers to _______.
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Anterograde amnesia: ______________.
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What is encoding failure?
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Material encoded into long-term memory will decay if the memory is _______________.
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Sometimes, the memory itself does not decay. Instead, what decays are the _______ and _____ that help us find our way to the stored memory.
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To prevent retrieval failure when storing and rehearsing memories, you can build _________.
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_________ occurs when new stimuli/learning interferes with the storage and retrieval of previously formed memories.
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Forgetting can occur at ______.
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What are the stages of memory?
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No matter how accurate and video-like our memory seems, it is full of ________.
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What are the strategies for applying memories to grades?
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Study Notes
Effortful Processing
- Effortful processing strategies enhance memory encoding to prevent decay and facilitate retrieval.
- Chunking, an effortful processing method, involves organizing information into manageable units.
Techniques of Chunking
- Chunking is more effective when information is grouped into meaningful categories.
- Credit card numbers serve as a common example of chunking.
Memory Assistance
- Using images aids in stronger encoding of information.
- Mnemonics connect new information to existing memory strengths, such as imagery or structure.
- The peg word system associates new words with an already memorized list linked to numbers.
Memory Practices
- Massed practice, or cramming, is inefficient for learning and retention.
- The spacing effect, identified by Hermann Ebbinghaus, favors distributed study sessions for enhanced long-term retention.
Study Session Timing
- Longer intervals between study sessions improve retention, requiring fewer overall sessions for effective learning.
Testing Effect
- Henry Roediger's research indicates that incorporating testing in distributed practice significantly boosts learning and retention over mere rereading.
Types of Memories
- Explicit memories, which involve conscious recall, are formed through effortful processing involving studying, rehearsal, and deep thinking.
- Implicit memories are formed via automatic processing without conscious awareness.
Characteristics of Implicit Memories
- Implicit memories are established without rehearsal and often relate to procedures and conditioned associations.
- Flashbulb memories are vivid recollections of emotionally intense events, though they may not be as accurate as they feel.
Memory Storage and Retrieval
- Retrieval challenges depict how memories are interconnected rather than filed alphabetically.
- Memories consist of associated concepts linked by emotional and contextual cues.
Context and Mood in Memory
- Priming helps to trigger associations leading to specific concepts.
- Context-dependent memory is facilitated when retrieval takes place in the same setting as the original encoding.
- Mood-congruent memory selects details that align with the individual's current emotional state.
Serial Position Effect
- When recalling a list, individuals tend to remember the first (primacy effect) and last items (recency effect) better.
Case Studies in Memory
- The case of Henry Molaison highlights how hippocampus removal led to anterograde amnesia, preventing the formation of new explicit memories while preserving past ones.
- Retrograde amnesia involves the inability to retrieve previous memories.
Memory Formation Challenges
- Encoding failure refers to the inability to retain information in long-term memory.
- Memories can decay if not recalled or re-stored.
- Associations and links may deteriorate, which aids in memory retrieval.
Interference in Memory
- Retroactive interference occurs when new learning disrupts the retrieval of old memories.
- Forgetting can happen at any stage of memory processing.
Memory Stages
- Memory encompasses sensory, working/short-term, long-term storage, and retrieval stages.
Memory Accuracy
- Memories may seem vivid and accurate, but they are often subject to alterations.
Study Strategies
- Effective study techniques include learning material in diverse ways, studying before sleep, spacing sessions, and self-testing to enhance retention.
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Description
Explore the concept of effortful processing through this set of flashcards. Discover definitions and strategies such as chunking that aid in encoding information and improving memory retrieval. Ideal for those studying cognitive psychology and memory techniques.
