Effortful Processing Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is an effortful processing strategy?

A way to encode information into memory to keep it from decaying and make it easier to retrieve.

What is effortful processing also known as?

Chunking

What is chunking?

Organizing data into manageable units.

Chunking works even better if we can assemble information into ___________.

<p>Meaningful Groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of chunking.

<p>Credit Cards</p> Signup and view all the answers

We encode better with the help of ________.

<p>Images</p> Signup and view all the answers

A mnemonics is a memory 'trick' that connects information to ________________.

<p>Existing memory strengths such as imagery or structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A peg word system refers to the technique of visually associating new words with ___________.

<p>An existing list that is already memorized along with numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does massed practice refer to?

<p>Cramming information all at once. It is not time-effective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was noted by Hermann Ebbinghaus regarding the spacing effect?

<p>You will develop better retention and recall, especially in the long run, if you use the same amount of study time spread out over many shorter sessions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ the time between study sessions, the better the long-term retention, and the _____ sessions you need!

<p>Longer, fewer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best way to study according to the testing effect?

<p>Distributed practice that includes testing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are explicit memories?

<p>Facts and experiences that we can consciously know and recall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Our minds acquire information through/Explicit memories: __________.

<p>Effortful processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are explicit memories formed?

<p>By studying, rehearsing, thinking, processing, and then storing information in long-term memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are implicit memories?

<p>Memories that we are not fully aware of and thus don't 'declare'/talk about.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Implicit memories are formed through: __________.

<p>Automatic processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Implicit memories are formed without our awareness that we are building __________.

<p>A memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is procedural memory?

<p>Knowledge such as knowing how to ride a bike.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are conditioned associations?

<p>Such as a smell that triggers thoughts of a favorite place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two other things that go directly into long-term implicit memory?

<p>Space, time</p> Signup and view all the answers

_________ refer to emotionally intense events that become 'burned in' as a vivid-seeming memory.

<p>Flashbulb memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

Note that flashbulb memories are not as _____ as they feel.

<p>Accurate</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ memory is not stored as a file that can be retrieved by searching alphabetically.

<p>Retrieval Challenge</p> Signup and view all the answers

Instead, retrieval challenge is stored as a web of associations. Name three types.

<p>Conceptual, contextual, emotional</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does memory involve?

<p>A web of associated concepts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Priming triggers a thread of __________.

<p>Associations that bring us to a concept.</p> Signup and view all the answers

We retrieve a memory more easily when in the ______ as when we formed the memory.

<p>Same context</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are memories linked to?

<p>External context and emotional state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does mood-congruent memory refer to?

<p>The tendency to selectively recall details that are consistent with one's current mood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the serial position effect?

<p>The tendency, when learning information in a long list, to recall the first items (primacy effect) and the last items (recency effect).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the case of Henry Molaison?

<p>Removal of H.M.'s hippocampus ended his ability to form new explicit memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Retrograde amnesia refers to _______.

<p>The inability to retrieve memory of the past.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anterograde amnesia: ______________.

<p>An inability to form new long-term declarative memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is encoding failure?

<p>Could not keep it in long-term memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Material encoded into long-term memory will decay if the memory is _______________.

<p>Never used, recalled, and re-stored.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sometimes, the memory itself does not decay. Instead, what decays are the _______ and _____ that help us find our way to the stored memory.

<p>Associations, links</p> Signup and view all the answers

To prevent retrieval failure when storing and rehearsing memories, you can build _________.

<p>Multiple associations, linking images, rhymes, categories, lists, and cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

_________ occurs when new stimuli/learning interferes with the storage and retrieval of previously formed memories.

<p>Retroactive Interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

Forgetting can occur at ______.

<p>Any memory stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the stages of memory?

<ol> <li>Sensory memory 2. Working/short-term memory 3. Long-term storage 4. Retrieval from long-term memory.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

No matter how accurate and video-like our memory seems, it is full of ________.

<p>Alterations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the strategies for applying memories to grades?

<ol> <li>Learn material in multiple ways 2. Study right before sleep 3. Have multiple study sessions far apart 4. Test yourself.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Effortful Processing

  • Effortful processing strategies enhance memory encoding to prevent decay and facilitate retrieval.
  • Chunking, an effortful processing method, involves organizing information into manageable units.

Techniques of Chunking

  • Chunking is more effective when information is grouped into meaningful categories.
  • Credit card numbers serve as a common example of chunking.

Memory Assistance

  • Using images aids in stronger encoding of information.
  • Mnemonics connect new information to existing memory strengths, such as imagery or structure.
  • The peg word system associates new words with an already memorized list linked to numbers.

Memory Practices

  • Massed practice, or cramming, is inefficient for learning and retention.
  • The spacing effect, identified by Hermann Ebbinghaus, favors distributed study sessions for enhanced long-term retention.

Study Session Timing

  • Longer intervals between study sessions improve retention, requiring fewer overall sessions for effective learning.

Testing Effect

  • Henry Roediger's research indicates that incorporating testing in distributed practice significantly boosts learning and retention over mere rereading.

Types of Memories

  • Explicit memories, which involve conscious recall, are formed through effortful processing involving studying, rehearsal, and deep thinking.
  • Implicit memories are formed via automatic processing without conscious awareness.

Characteristics of Implicit Memories

  • Implicit memories are established without rehearsal and often relate to procedures and conditioned associations.
  • Flashbulb memories are vivid recollections of emotionally intense events, though they may not be as accurate as they feel.

Memory Storage and Retrieval

  • Retrieval challenges depict how memories are interconnected rather than filed alphabetically.
  • Memories consist of associated concepts linked by emotional and contextual cues.

Context and Mood in Memory

  • Priming helps to trigger associations leading to specific concepts.
  • Context-dependent memory is facilitated when retrieval takes place in the same setting as the original encoding.
  • Mood-congruent memory selects details that align with the individual's current emotional state.

Serial Position Effect

  • When recalling a list, individuals tend to remember the first (primacy effect) and last items (recency effect) better.

Case Studies in Memory

  • The case of Henry Molaison highlights how hippocampus removal led to anterograde amnesia, preventing the formation of new explicit memories while preserving past ones.
  • Retrograde amnesia involves the inability to retrieve previous memories.

Memory Formation Challenges

  • Encoding failure refers to the inability to retain information in long-term memory.
  • Memories can decay if not recalled or re-stored.
  • Associations and links may deteriorate, which aids in memory retrieval.

Interference in Memory

  • Retroactive interference occurs when new learning disrupts the retrieval of old memories.
  • Forgetting can happen at any stage of memory processing.

Memory Stages

  • Memory encompasses sensory, working/short-term, long-term storage, and retrieval stages.

Memory Accuracy

  • Memories may seem vivid and accurate, but they are often subject to alterations.

Study Strategies

  • Effective study techniques include learning material in diverse ways, studying before sleep, spacing sessions, and self-testing to enhance retention.

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Description

Explore the concept of effortful processing through this set of flashcards. Discover definitions and strategies such as chunking that aid in encoding information and improving memory retrieval. Ideal for those studying cognitive psychology and memory techniques.

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