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Life Science: Term 4 Test
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Life Science: Term 4 Test

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of gaseous exchange in living organisms?

  • To transfer nutrients between cells
  • To maintain body temperature
  • To transfer O2 and CO2 between an organism and its environment (correct)
  • To generate energy in cells

    • Which process involves the breakdown of glucose to generate ATP in cells?

  • Gaseous exchange
  • Nutrient absorption
  • Breathing
  • Cellular Respiration (correct)

    • Why is a large surface area important for efficient gaseous exchange?

  • To facilitate the diffusion of gases across respiratory surfaces (correct)
  • To filter out impurities from the air
  • To increase the speed of cellular respiration
  • To store more gases in the body

    • What role do thin and permeable membranes play in gaseous exchange?

    <p>Allow gases to diffuse more rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of gill filaments in fish enhances gaseous exchange?

    <p>Large surface for exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are moist surfaces important for gaseous exchange?

    <p>To assist in the dissolution and diffusion of gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the human respiratory system provides support and prevents collapse to ensure the smooth passage of air?

    <p>Trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the nasal cavities contribute to the respiratory system?

    <p>Producing mucus to trap dirt and pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the alveoli in the lungs?

    <p>Exchanging gases between air and blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism performs gas exchange directly across its moist, vascularized skin?

    <p>Earthworms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do fish maximize oxygen uptake for respiration?

    <p>Through gills with thin, well-ventilated filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hepatic portal system in maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>Transports nutrients to the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In mammals, which system transports oxygen from the lungs to cells and carbon dioxide back to the lungs?

    <p>Circulatory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which insect system provides direct air contact with tissues for gas exchange?

    <p>Tracheal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are respiratory surfaces in organisms kept moist?

    <p>To enhance gaseous exchange efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specialized respiratory structure do plants primarily utilize for gas exchange?

    <p>Stomata and a network of air spaces in leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ excretes urea and bile pigments?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the lungs in excretion?

    <p>Removing carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are excess amino acids deaminated to form urea?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ plays a role in maintaining blood pH and preventing acidosis?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substances are excreted by the skin?

    <p>Perspiration or sweat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is responsible for filtering blood and balancing bodily fluids and electrolytes?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the colon in excretion?

    <p>Excreting solid waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are excess mineral salts typically excreted?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ contributes to regulating body temperature through sweat evaporation?

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are blood toxins and waste products transformed for safer elimination?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of emphysema?

    <p>Long-term exposure to cigarette smoke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles?

    <p>Bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of hay fever?

    <p>Itchy eyes and nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body adapt to high altitude environments?

    <p>By enhancing oxygen transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary treatment method for bronchitis?

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common trigger for asthma attacks?

    <p>Allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which respiratory disease is associated with weight loss and fatigue?

    <p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a preventative measure for hay fever?

    <p>Vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main risk factor for lung cancer?

    <p>Smoking tobacco</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is tuberculosis primarily transmitted?

    <p>Person to person through the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle contracts and flattens during inhalation, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the intercostal muscles play in breathing?

    <p>Expand and contract the ribcage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax?

    <p>Decrease in air pressure within the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During inhalation, what happens to the volume of the thoracic cavity?

    <p>Increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main composition difference between inhaled and exhaled air?

    <p>Higher oxygen and lower carbon dioxide in inhaled air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to an increase in breathing rate during exercise?

    <p>Increased demand for oxygen in muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the pulse rate increase during exercise?

    <p>To meet the increased demand for oxygen in muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does gaseous exchange occur in the lungs?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain regulates breathing?

    <p>Medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of feedback mechanism controls breathing based on carbon dioxide levels?

    <p>Negative feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the kidneys in the urinary system?

    <p>Producing urine and eliminating waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does filtration of blood occur within the kidneys?

    <p>Glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in controlling water reabsorption in the kidneys?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ureters in the urinary system?

    <p>Transporting urine from kidneys to the bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the signal to urinate in the bladder?

    <p>Stretch receptors in the bladder walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ serves as a reservoir for urine in the urinary system?

    <p>Bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the nephrons in the kidneys?

    <p>Filtering blood and producing urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are waste products like urea eliminated from the body?

    <p>Excreted in the urine by the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical feature distinguishes the male urethra from the female urethra?

    <p>Length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the renal corpuscle in the kidneys?

    <p>Formation of glomerular filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of kidneys?

    <p>Maintaining homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can contribute to the formation of kidney stones?

    <p>High protein diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of dialysis in kidney failure?

    <p>Filters blood to remove waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main route of infection for Bilharzia?

    <p>Contact with contaminated water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situations can acute kidney failure develop?

    <p>Caused by severe dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impacts the natality rate within a population?

    <p>Fertility of females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Renal Blood Supply play in the nephron function?

    <p>Regulates glomerular filtration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Carrying Capacity' refer to in population ecology?

    <p>The maximum population size a habitat can support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do changes in Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) impact kidney function?

    <p>Reflect alterations in kidney function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Immunosuppressive drugs in kidney transplantation?

    <p>Reduce organ rejection risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Autoregulation in the kidneys?

    <p>Maintain stable Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Migration differ from Immigration and Emigration in population ecology?

    <p>Migration involves periodic movement between locations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Chronic kidney failure primarily associated with?

    <p>Diabetes or hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Tubuloglomerular Feedback (TGF) regulate Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

    <p>Adjusts afferent arteriole diameter based on tubular fluid changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) in kidney function?

    <p>Increases blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) counteract the effects of aldosterone?

    <p>Decreases blood volume and pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are kidneys crucial in maintaining acid-base balance?

    <p>To maintain blood pH within a narrow range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the nephron?

    <p>Regulate GFR through autoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Angiotensin II affect blood pressure in the body?

    <p>Stimulates vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released to initiate the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?

    <p>Renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main biochemical process involving nutrients being converted into ATP with the use of oxygen and release of CO2?

    <p>Cellular Respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is crucial for efficient gaseous exchange surfaces?

    <p>Moist Surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of having a large surface area on gaseous exchange surfaces?

    <p>To increase the amount of gas that can diffuse at one time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is shared by the anatomical features essential for efficient gaseous exchange surfaces?

    <p>Thin and Permeable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specifically does the term 'Gaseous Exchange' refer to in living organisms?

    <p>Diffusion of gases across respiratory surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is NOT a requirement for efficient gaseous exchange?

    <p>Thick Membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in plants is responsible for gas exchange and is protected by a waxy cuticle?

    <p>Stomata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organism does gas exchange primarily occur across a moist, vascularized skin?

    <p>Earthworms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which human respiratory structure is lined with epithelial and goblet cells that produce mucus to trap dirt and pathogens?

    <p>Nasal cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the rib cage in the mammalian respiratory system?

    <p>Protecting alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the trachea provides support and prevents collapse during breathing?

    <p>C-shaped cartilage rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the double-layered pleural membrane surrounding the lungs?

    <p>Reducing friction during breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the human respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of gases between air and the bloodstream?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cells surround the alveoli in the lungs and allow for the diffusion of gases between air and blood?

    <p>Squamous epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the human respiratory system is devoid of cartilage and lined with mucous membranes for air passage?

    <p>Bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surrounds the alveoli in the lungs to maximize the surface area for efficient gas exchange?

    <p>Blood capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the mechanism of breathing during exhalation?

    <p>The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, increasing thoracic volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the intercostal muscles in breathing?

    <p>Expand and contract the ribcage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does exercise lead to an increase in breathing rate?

    <p>To increase oxygen supply to muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does gaseous exchange in the human body differ during internal exchange compared to external exchange?

    <p>Oxygen diffuses from the bloodstream into the cells in internal exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers an increase in breathing rate according to the homeostatic control of breathing?

    <p>A rise in carbon dioxide levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario does air flow into the lungs according to the mechanism of breathing?

    <p>Contracted diaphragm and external intercostal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During exhalation, which muscles primarily contribute to a decrease in thoracic volume?

    <p>Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for an increase in pulse rate during exercise?

    <p>To enhance blood circulation and oxygen delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In external gaseous exchange, what diffuses from the bloodstream into the alveoli?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles have on thoracic volume?

    <p>Results in decreased thoracic volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of emphysema among respiratory diseases?

    <p>Impaired gas exchange and lung tissue destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body typically react to high altitudes impacting oxygen availability?

    <p>Increase in red blood cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of both bronchitis and emphysema?

    <p>Chest tightness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which respiratory disease involves allergic reactions triggering inflammation and airway hyperreactivity?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key prevention strategy suggested for individuals prone to hay fever?

    <p>Avoiding exposure to allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment approach is commonly recommended for lung cancer primarily caused by smoking?

    <p>Radiation therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do environmental control measures contribute to managing hay fever?

    <p>Minimizing allergen exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which respiratory disease is primarily characterized by excessive coughing and weight loss?

    <p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sets asthma apart from emphysema and bronchitis in terms of symptoms?

    <p>Difficulty in breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is oxygen therapy commonly used in managing emphysema?

    <p>To alleviate respiratory symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substances are primarily excreted by the kidneys?

    <p>Urea, mineral salts, and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the skin contribute to excretion?

    <p>Through sweat containing water, mineral salts, and urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the by-products of cellular respiration that the lungs excrete?

    <p>Urea and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ performs deamination of excess amino acids to produce urea?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In excretion, what role does the bladder play?

    <p>Storing and expelling urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substances are typically delivered to the colon via bile for excretion?

    <p>Bile pigments and excess mineral salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ in humans is essential for filtering blood, balancing bodily fluids, and the excretion of urea?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary excretory role of the skin?

    <p>Regulating body temperature through sweat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure plays a key role in storing urine until it can be expelled from the body?

    <p>Bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the regulation of mineral salts and water crucial in human excretory processes?

    <p>To maintain blood pH balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ureters in the urinary system?

    <p>Transporting urine from the kidneys to the bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone plays a key role in controlling water reabsorption in the nephrons of the kidneys?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the urge to urinate in the bladder?

    <p>Stretch receptors in the bladder walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does filtration of blood occur within the kidneys?

    <p>Glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do urinary sphincters play in the process of urination from the bladder?

    <p>Relaxing to allow urine flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances are primarily excreted by the kidneys into urine?

    <p>Urea and creatinine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the length of the urethra differ between males and females?

    <p>Males typically have a longer urethra due to its passage through the penis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle type is responsible for the peristaltic contractions of the ureters in transporting urine?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional unit of the kidneys responsible for filtering blood and producing urine?

    <p>Renal corpuscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In males, what dual function does the urethra serve in the body?

    <p>Transmitting semen during ejaculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) in kidney function?

    <p>Promote sodium reabsorption in the renal tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does autoregulation in the kidneys contribute to stable kidney function?

    <p>By maintaining a relatively constant Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Tubuloglomerular Feedback (TGF), what happens when there is a decrease in tubular fluid sodium concentration?

    <p>Efferent arteriole constricts, decreasing blood flow and GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) in the regulation of blood volume and pressure?

    <p>Counteracts aldosterone effects by promoting sodium and water excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Renal Blood Supply aid in the regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

    <p>Maintains the glomerular filtration pressure through arteriole networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary cells involved in sensing changes in tubular fluid sodium concentration in Tubuloglomerular Feedback (TGF)?

    <p>Macula densa cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) considered a critical parameter for assessing kidney function?

    <p>To assess the rate at which plasma is filtered into Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does autoregulation in the kidneys mediate stable GFR despite fluctuations in blood pressure?

    <p>By altering the diameter of arterioles to regulate renal blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hormonal regulation through Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) impact blood pressure in the body?

    <p>Increases blood pressure by stimulating vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the afferent arteriole in the nephron's blood supply?

    <p>Delivers blood into the glomerulus for filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main symptom of a Bilharzia infection?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one contributing factor to kidney stone formation mentioned in the text?

    <p>High protein diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does dialysis mimic the function of healthy kidneys?

    <p>Filters the blood for waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between chronic and acute kidney failure mentioned in the text?

    <p>Causative factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parasitic flatworm causes Bilharzia?

    <p>Schistosoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate age range of females relevant to fertility?

    <p>15-45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In kidney transplantation, what reduces the risk of organ rejection?

    <p>Immunosuppressive drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can sustain without negative impacts?

    <p>Carrying capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In population ecology, what does immigration involve?

    <p>Individuals entering a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical survival strategy for certain species, involving periodic movement?

    <p>Migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the breakdown of glucose or other nutrients to generate ATP?

    <p>Cellular Respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of thin and permeable membranes in gaseous exchange surfaces?

    <p>Allow gases to diffuse rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical feature provides a vast surface area for gaseous exchange?

    <p>Alveoli in humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do moist surfaces play in gaseous exchange?

    <p>Dissolving gases for diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of having respiratory surfaces only a few layers thick?

    <p>Allowing rapid gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cellular respiration, what is converted into energy in the form of ATP?

    <p>Nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the hepatic portal system in higher organisms?

    <p>Transporting nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract to the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique feature in the human trachea prevents its collapse and maintains a smooth passage for air?

    <p>C-shaped cartilage rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the human lungs facilitates the exchange of gases between air and the bloodstream?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in insects allows for direct air contact with tissues during respiration?

    <p>Tracheal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the rib cage in the mammalian respiratory system?

    <p>Protecting the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the human respiratory system filters, warms, and humidifies the air upon inhalation?

    <p>Nasal cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the diaphragm in mammals during respiration?

    <p>Ventilating the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in fish maximizes oxygen uptake by using water flow to exchange gases?

    <p>Gills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the large network of air spaces in leaves of plants with respect to gas exchange?

    <p>Enhancing photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specialized structure in earthworms allows for gas exchange across their bodies?

    <p>Moist, vascularized skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the urethra in the urinary system?

    <p>Carry urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates the length of the urethra in males and females?

    <p>Its passage through the penis in males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the stretch receptors in the bladder contribute to the urinary system?

    <p>Signaling the urge to urinate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone plays a key role in controlling water reabsorption in the nephrons?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the bladder in the urinary system?

    <p>Act as a reservoir for urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair of organs are responsible for filtering blood and producing urine in the urinary system?

    <p>Kidneys and nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ excretes excess mineral salts through the alimentary canal in humans?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical location of the kidneys in the body?

    <p>Retroperitoneally against the posterior abdominal wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humans, which organ processes toxins and waste products from the blood for excretion?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are substances like bile pigments and excess mineral salts typically delivered for excretion via the alimentary canal?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ plays a crucial role in balancing blood pressure, electrolytes, and acid-base levels?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the alimentary canal in excretion?

    <p>Removing waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substances are primarily excreted into the urine by the kidneys?

    <p>Electrolytes, water, and nitrogenous waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the kidney is responsible for filtering blood and initiating urine formation?

    <p>Nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ deals with detoxification alongside excretion in humans?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a function of the lungs in excretion related to maintaining blood pH?

    <p>Exhaling carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ's excretion product contributes to sweat, regulating body temperature in humans?

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In human excretion, what substance is formed through the deamination of excess amino acids in the liver?

    <p>Urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which human organ does NOT secrete substances but is essential for storing and expelling urine?

    <p>Bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What muscle contracts and flattens during inhalation to increase the thoracic cavity volume?

    <p>Abdominal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs across the thin walls of the alveoli and surrounding capillaries?

    <p>Gaseous exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary substance excreted by the lungs in the respiratory process of excretion?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increases the demand for oxygen and energy in the muscles during physical activity?

    <p>Exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are located between the ribs and expand and contract the ribcage during breathing?

    <p>Intercostal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily triggers an increase in breathing rate and depth when carbon dioxide levels rise in the blood?

    <p>High carbon dioxide levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is the diaphragm considered to be in the mechanism of breathing?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the changes in thoracic volume during exhalation?

    <p>Volume decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process leads to the expulsion of air from the lungs during exhalation?

    <p>Relaxation of all chest muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driver of air flow during inhalation in the mechanism of breathing?

    <p>Negative pressure in alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the breathing process does the intercostal muscles contract to lift the ribcage?

    <p>Inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of bronchitis?

    <p>Inflammation of the bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hay fever primarily affect the body?

    <p>Triggers airway inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of emphysema compared to other lung diseases?

    <p>Destruction of lung tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does asthma primarily differ from hay fever?

    <p>Chronic inflammation of airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common trigger for symptoms associated with lung cancer?

    <p>Cigarette smoke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the progression of tuberculous infection?

    <p>Excessive coughing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does smoking primarily impact lung function?

    <p>Reduces lung function and damages respiratory surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do antibiotics play in the treatment of bronchitis?

    <p>Targeting bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is emphysema characterized compared to hay fever?

    <p>Destruction of lung tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes tuberculosis from lung cancer?

    <p>Primarily caused by bacterial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which the nephron regulates Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) based on changes in tubular fluid composition?

    <p>Tubuloglomerular Feedback (TGF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone promotes sodium reabsorption in the renal tubules, leading to water retention and increased blood volume?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Autoregulation contribute to maintaining stable kidney function?

    <p>By adjusting the diameter of arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure senses changes in tubular fluid sodium concentration to regulate Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

    <p>Juxtaglomerular Apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Afferent Arterioles in the kidney's blood supply?

    <p>To bring blood into the glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is released by the juxtaglomerular cells in response to low blood pressure or decreased sodium levels?

    <p>Renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the release of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) in response to increased blood volume and pressure?

    <p>Increased sodium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Tubuloglomerular Feedback (TGF) trigger when there is an increase in tubular fluid sodium concentration?

    <p>Afferent arteriole vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specialized cells in the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus sense changes in tubular fluid sodium concentration?

    <p>Macula Densa Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of dialysis in treating kidney failure?

    <p>To remove waste products and excess fluids from the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes chronic kidney failure from acute kidney failure?

    <p>Gradual development over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is most likely to contribute to the formation of kidney stones?

    <p>A diet rich in soda and sugary beverages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of Bilharzia infection on the urinary system?

    <p>Damage to the kidneys, ureters, and bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of kidney diseases, what is a common symptom found in patients with kidney stones?

    <p>Severe back pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of preventing Bilharzia infection?

    <p>Avoiding contact with infected water sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of dialysis in kidney diseases treatment?

    <p>To remove waste products and excess fluids from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes acute kidney failure from chronic kidney failure regarding their onset?

    <p>Sudden injury or infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main differential factor between chronic kidney failure and Bilharzia infection?

    <p>Underlying cause related to parasitic infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are inherited conditions mentioned as contributing factors to kidney stone formation?

    <p>They affect calcium metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of population growth stabilizes over time due to the carrying capacity of the environment?

    <p>Logistic Growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of logistic growth is characterized by rapid increase in population size?

    <p>Exponential growth phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor affects populations proportionally to their size, including resources like food and water?

    <p>Density-Dependent Factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which growth model is often seen in organisms like bacteria where the population size doubles each generation?

    <p>Geometric Growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique is useful for estimating the sizes of more elusive or mobile populations?

    <p>Indirect Counting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of logistic growth sees a potential decline if the population cannot sustain its resource use?

    <p>Death/extinction phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of population pyramid is characterized by a broad base and a narrow top, indicating high birth and death rates?

    <p>Expanding Population Pyramid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key factor contributing to the steady population growth in South Africa over the past six decades?

    <p>Increasing fertility rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population pyramid shape is characterized by a narrow base, indicative of a lower proportion of young individuals than the elderly population?

    <p>Declining Population Pyramid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely trend for population growth rates in South Africa in the coming decades, based on the information provided?

    <p>Expected stabilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a Stable Population Pyramid, what does a relatively uniform distribution across age groups suggest?

    <p>Low birth and death rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is anticipating future population needs crucial for government agencies, urban planners, and policymakers as mentioned in the text?

    <p>To plan for infrastructure, healthcare, and social services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the process of competitive exclusion lead to?

    <p>Extinction of one species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In predation, what role do predators play in ecosystem dynamics?

    <p>Regulate prey populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key effect of interspecific competition on population sizes?

    <p>Decrease population sizes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of relationship involves one organism benefiting without affecting the other?

    <p>Commensalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of competition do organisms fight for dominance over the same limited resources?

    <p>Intraspecific competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the dynamics of biological systems involving interactions between predators and prey?

    <p>Predator-prey curve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process leads to one species completely outcompeting another, potentially causing the latter's extinction?

    <p>Competitive exclusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to close, long-term interactions between individuals of different species?

    <p>Symbiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symbiotic relationship involves both species benefiting?

    <p>Mutualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of dominance hierarchies in many animal groups?

    <p>Reducing intraspecific competition and ensuring reproductive success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the process of initial colonization and gradual changes in plant and animal species in a new or barren habitat?

    <p>Primary succession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key feature of herding behavior in many herbivorous species?

    <p>Collective defense against predators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of division of labor in social insect populations like bees and ants?

    <p>Specialization in roles like reproduction, defense, or foraging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overarching goal of tolerance mechanisms in parasitic relationships?

    <p>Promotion of host health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes pack hunting as a cooperative strategy among carnivorous species?

    <p>Coordinated and purposeful movements in hunting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do social organizations within animal populations contribute to enhancing survival?

    <p>Through collective efforts benefitting the group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of living in large herds for species exhibiting herding behavior?

    <p>Safety in numbers against predators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of herding behavior among many herbivorous species?

    <p>Protection through safety in numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is division of labor crucial for the survival and functioning of social insect colonies?

    <p>To achieve interdependence among different roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between primary and secondary succession?

    <p>Primary succession begins with pioneer species colonizing bare rock surfaces, while secondary succession starts with established soil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the rapid progression of secondary succession compared to primary succession?

    <p>Existing soil and seed bank</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In primary succession, what role do grasses and herbaceous plants play in the development of the ecosystem?

    <p>Enhance soil development process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a climax community in succession?

    <p>Dynamic balance between species and environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the stages of succession from each other?

    <p>Changes in environmental conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which human activity would most likely disrupt the climax community in an ecosystem?

    <p>Building a road</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do technological improvements contribute to human population growth over time?

    <p>By expanding the carrying capacity of populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor played a crucial role in reducing mortality rates and increasing life expectancy among human populations?

    <p>Advancements in healthcare and medical technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event triggered the exponential growth of the human population over the last few centuries?

    <p>Industrialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information do age-gender population pyramids provide about a population?

    <p>Age and gender distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between density-dependent and density-independent factors affecting a population?

    <p>Density-dependent factors are affected by population size, while density-independent factors are not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Logistic Growth model, what characterizes the 'Equilibrium phase' of a population?

    <p>Stabilization of the population size at carrying capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is most suitable for estimating the sizes of mobile populations?

    <p>Mark-recapture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase of Geometric Growth follows a rapid exponential increase in population size?

    <p>Death/extinction phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can potentially lead a population to decline during the Death/extinction phase of Logistic Growth?

    <p>Inability to sustain resource use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Density-Dependent factors in a population primarily influenced by?

    <p>Population size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of population pyramid is typically found in developing countries like Nigeria?

    <p>Expanding Population Pyramid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country would likely have a stable population pyramid based on the provided information?

    <p>USA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors in South Africa have contributed to its population growth according to the text?

    <p>Decreasing fertility rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of population dynamics are expected to slow down in South Africa in the coming decades?

    <p>Birth rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of population pyramid is characteristic of developed countries such as Italy and Japan?

    <p>Inverted Population Pyramid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key implication of population projections and demographic trends, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Increased demand for infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing feature of a climax community?

    <p>Dynamic balance between species and environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the breakdown of rocks to form soil in primary succession?

    <p>Pioneer species like lichens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the faster progression of community change in secondary succession compared to primary succession?

    <p>Presence of a more developed soil base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key event triggers the beginning of secondary succession?

    <p>Agricultural abandonment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technological advancement significantly contributed to population growth through increased agricultural productivity?

    <p>Agricultural innovations like irrigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of age-gender population pyramids?

    <p>They illustrate population age and gender distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does secondary succession typically occur more rapidly than primary succession?

    <p>Pre-existing soil and seed bank allow rapid recolonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of species is responsible for initiating the breakdown of rocks to form soil in primary succession?

    <p>Pioneer species like lichens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes secondary succession from primary succession?

    <p>Faster progression due to existing soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the establishment of a climax community make the environment more suitable for the next stage of succession?

    <p>It alters the environment positively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method involves capturing a sample of the population, marking individuals, and then recapturing them to estimate the total population size?

    <p>Mark-Recapture Studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Competition can occur within:

    <p>Intraspecific relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes an interaction where one organism hunts, kills, and consumes another for energy acquisition?

    <p>Predation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process whereby one species outcompetes another, potentially leading to the latter's extinction?

    <p>Competitive Exclusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of symbiotic relationship involves one organism benefiting without affecting the other?

    <p>Commensalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key ecological concept refers to the close physical association between individuals of different species?

    <p>Symbiotic Relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interaction involves individuals or species contending for limited resources?

    <p>Competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do predators play in ecosystem dynamics?

    <p>Regulating prey populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In predator-prey interactions, what typically follows an increase in prey numbers?

    <p>Decline in predator numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biological system dynamics can be illustrated by a predator-prey graph?

    <p>Predator-prey interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of social organization within animal populations?

    <p>Enhancing survival chances through shared efforts benefiting the members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In animal groups, what is the role of dominant individuals referred to as the 'alpha'?

    <p>Leading and organizing the group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of pack hunting among carnivorous species like African wild dogs?

    <p>Coordinated and purposeful movements in hunting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do casts in social insects like bees and ants contribute to the survival of the colony?

    <p>Specialize in specific roles for survival and functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the process of regrowth or development in an existing ecosystem after a disturbance?

    <p>Secondary Succession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do pioneer species play in the process of succession?

    <p>Facilitate initial colonization and soil formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes primary succession from secondary succession in ecosystems?

    <p>Primary succession takes place without soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes pack hunting in the animal kingdom?

    <p>Cooperative and coordinated movements in catching and killing prey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key outcome of dominance hierarchies in animal groups?

    <p>Reducing fighting and ensuring reproductive success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do herding behaviors in herbivorous species like wildebeest offer protection?

    <p>Living in large herds to collectively watch for predators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of logistic growth is characterized by potential population decline if the resource use cannot be sustained?

    <p>Death/extinction phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of factors influence a population proportionally to its size, including resources like food and water?

    <p>Density-dependent factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what growth model does the population size double each generation, often seen in organisms like bacteria?

    <p>Geometric Growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of logistic growth is characterized by rapid increase in population size?

    <p>Exponential growth phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equilibrium phase in logistic growth characterized by?

    <p>Population size stabilizes around the carrying capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method for determining population size includes techniques like mark-recapture and is useful for estimating elusive populations?

    <p>Indirect Counting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of population pyramid is characteristic of developing countries like Nigeria?

    <p>Expanding Population Pyramid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country exemplifies a Declining Population Pyramid based on the text?

    <p>Italy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Stable Population Pyramid suggest about a country's birth and death rates?

    <p>Low birth rates and low death rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to South Africa's population growth based on the text?

    <p>Demographic transitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for managing population growth and ensuring a prosperous future according to the text?

    <p>Effective governance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a narrow base in a population pyramid indicate according to the text?

    <p>Low proportion of young individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method involves capturing, marking, and recapturing individuals to estimate total population size?

    <p>Quadrat sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about a predator-prey curve based on the provided information?

    <p>Predator populations decrease when prey populations rise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which relationship benefits one species without affecting the other according to the text?

    <p>Commensalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process can lead to the extinction of a species due to competition for limited resources?

    <p>Competitive exclusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of relationship exists between oxpeckers and buffalo where ticks are removed from the buffalo benefiting both species?

    <p>Mutualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do predator populations experience a delayed increase in response to rising prey numbers?

    <p>When prey populations stabilize</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the competitive exclusion principle predict when two species compete for the same resources?

    <p>One species outcompetes the other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the act of one organism hunting, killing, and consuming another organism for energy?

    <p>Predation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario would you expect one species to potentially drive another to extinction?

    <p>Interspecific competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible outcome when species coexist through resource partitioning to minimize competition?

    <p>Enhanced coexistence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding parasitic relationships crucial in ecosystems?

    <p>To comprehend complicated ecosystem dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of pack hunting among carnivorous species?

    <p>To allow smaller predators to take down larger prey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the initial colonization of a new or barren habitat?

    <p>Pioneer species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In social insects like bees and termites, what is the main function of reproductive individuals within the colony?

    <p>Reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of succession occurs in an existing ecosystem following a disturbance where the soil is already present?

    <p>Secondary succession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do dominant individuals in animal groups often have access to preferred mates?

    <p>To ensure reproductive success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Equilibrium phase of the Logistic Growth model in a population?

    <p>Carrying capacity balance with growth rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of herding in many herbivorous species?

    <p>To isolate young offspring from predators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to interactions that increase survival chances through shared efforts benefiting population members?

    <p>Social organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the endpoint of ecological succession where the ecosystem reaches a stable and self-sustaining state?

    <p>Climax community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the climax community in succession?

    <p>End stage with dynamic balance between species and environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does primary succession occur?

    <p>Habitats like newly formed islands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technological advancement significantly contributed to human population growth?

    <p>Development of communication systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes secondary succession in comparison to primary succession?

    <p>Faster progression due to developed soil base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the human population experience exponential growth in the last few centuries?

    <p>Expansion of medical technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of pioneer species in succession?

    <p>Colonize rocky surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of habitat does secondary succession take place?

    <p>Regions with existing soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the faster progression of secondary succession over primary succession?

    <p>Having a developed soil base at the start</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor led to the exponential growth of the human population?

    <p>Enhanced healthcare infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the climax community in succession?

    <p>Established dynamic balance between species and environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

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