Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the nasal cavity in the air passageway?
What is the primary function of the nasal cavity in the air passageway?
- To facilitate food digestion.
- To produce vocal sounds.
- To allow air to exit the lungs.
- To filter, moisten, and warm incoming air. (correct)
What structure guards the glottis?
What structure guards the glottis?
- Pharynx
- Nasal cavity
- Epiglottis (correct)
- Trachea
Which of the following statements is true about the airway leading to the lungs?
Which of the following statements is true about the airway leading to the lungs?
- The pharynx is a muscular passage common to both food and air. (correct)
- The nasal cavity does not play a role in air temperature regulation.
- The larynx is primarily responsible for filtering air.
- The trachea is located behind the oesophagus.
What prevents the trachea from collapsing when there is no air inside?
What prevents the trachea from collapsing when there is no air inside?
Which part of the respiratory system connects the pharynx and the trachea?
Which part of the respiratory system connects the pharynx and the trachea?
How does the structure of guard cells contribute to their function?
How does the structure of guard cells contribute to their function?
What is the length of the trachea in humans?
What is the length of the trachea in humans?
Which part of the air passageway is lined with fine hairs and mucous?
Which part of the air passageway is lined with fine hairs and mucous?
What happens to the carbon dioxide concentration in the blood during exercise?
What happens to the carbon dioxide concentration in the blood during exercise?
Why does the respiratory center increase the breathing rate during exercise?
Why does the respiratory center increase the breathing rate during exercise?
After which type of exercise is it expected that the breathing rate will show the most increase?
After which type of exercise is it expected that the breathing rate will show the most increase?
What safety consideration is mentioned regarding the exercises conducted in groups?
What safety consideration is mentioned regarding the exercises conducted in groups?
What apparatus is used to measure lung capacity?
What apparatus is used to measure lung capacity?
What is the first step in the practical work to find out how much air a person can take into their lungs?
What is the first step in the practical work to find out how much air a person can take into their lungs?
During the experiment on breathing rate, what is compared after different types of exercises?
During the experiment on breathing rate, what is compared after different types of exercises?
What should students with asthma do before participating in the exercise?
What should students with asthma do before participating in the exercise?
What is a primary characteristic of emphysema?
What is a primary characteristic of emphysema?
Which symptom is commonly associated with pneumonia?
Which symptom is commonly associated with pneumonia?
What is the most common cause of pneumonia?
What is the most common cause of pneumonia?
Which statement about asthma is true?
Which statement about asthma is true?
What consequence occurs when the lungs are unable to return to their original shape in emphysema?
What consequence occurs when the lungs are unable to return to their original shape in emphysema?
Which treatment is commonly employed for bacterial pneumonia?
Which treatment is commonly employed for bacterial pneumonia?
At what age is chronic bronchitis most commonly diagnosed?
At what age is chronic bronchitis most commonly diagnosed?
Which of the following allergens can trigger an asthma attack?
Which of the following allergens can trigger an asthma attack?
What is the primary function of the alveoli in the lungs?
What is the primary function of the alveoli in the lungs?
Which structures divide the trachea into smaller tubes?
Which structures divide the trachea into smaller tubes?
What is the significance of the vocal cords in human speech?
What is the significance of the vocal cords in human speech?
How does the structure of bronchioles change as they narrow?
How does the structure of bronchioles change as they narrow?
Which structure is responsible for moisture and trapping foreign particles in the respiratory tract?
Which structure is responsible for moisture and trapping foreign particles in the respiratory tract?
What is the primary role of the pulmonary vein in the respiratory system?
What is the primary role of the pulmonary vein in the respiratory system?
What anatomical feature differentiates the left lung from the right lung?
What anatomical feature differentiates the left lung from the right lung?
What is the role of the cilia lining the trachea and bronchi?
What is the role of the cilia lining the trachea and bronchi?
What percentage of oxygen is present in inspired air?
What percentage of oxygen is present in inspired air?
Which gas has a significantly higher concentration in expired air compared to inspired air?
Which gas has a significantly higher concentration in expired air compared to inspired air?
What happens to the balloons in the model when the rubber sheet is pulled down?
What happens to the balloons in the model when the rubber sheet is pulled down?
What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system in relation to breathing?
What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system in relation to breathing?
During exercise, how does the breathing rate typically change?
During exercise, how does the breathing rate typically change?
What effect does the diaphragm have during expiration in the model?
What effect does the diaphragm have during expiration in the model?
What is a characteristic of the expired air compared to inspired air?
What is a characteristic of the expired air compared to inspired air?
Which component in the model represents the thoracic cavity?
Which component in the model represents the thoracic cavity?
What is the primary cause of lung cancer?
What is the primary cause of lung cancer?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with asthma?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with asthma?
How does stopping smoking affect the risk of developing lung cancer?
How does stopping smoking affect the risk of developing lung cancer?
What is a common misconception about smoking-related diseases?
What is a common misconception about smoking-related diseases?
Which chemical is known to be a powerful poison and was formerly used as an insecticide?
Which chemical is known to be a powerful poison and was formerly used as an insecticide?
What effect does passive smoking have on lung cancer risk?
What effect does passive smoking have on lung cancer risk?
What is a key goal in preventing lung cancer?
What is a key goal in preventing lung cancer?
Which of the following is NOT one of the major symptoms of lung cancer?
Which of the following is NOT one of the major symptoms of lung cancer?
Flashcards
What is the trachea?
What is the trachea?
The trachea, which is also known as the windpipe, is a tube that carries air from the nose and mouth to the lungs. It is lined with cartilage rings that keep the tube open and prevent it from collapsing.
What are the bronchi?
What are the bronchi?
The bronchi are two branches that extend from the trachea and deliver air to each lung. They have cartilage rings for support.
What are the bronchioles?
What are the bronchioles?
Bronchioles are smaller branches that split off from the bronchi, getting progressively smaller as they branch further and further within the lungs. Their purpose is to transport air to the alveoli for gas exchange.
What are the alveoli?
What are the alveoli?
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What is the diaphragm?
What is the diaphragm?
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What are the intercostal muscles?
What are the intercostal muscles?
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What are the lungs?
What are the lungs?
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What are the pulmonary artery and vein?
What are the pulmonary artery and vein?
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Gaseous Exchange
Gaseous Exchange
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Oxygen Levels in Inspired vs. Expired Air
Oxygen Levels in Inspired vs. Expired Air
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Carbon Dioxide Levels in Inspired vs. Expired Air
Carbon Dioxide Levels in Inspired vs. Expired Air
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Diaphragm and Breathing
Diaphragm and Breathing
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Inhalation
Inhalation
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Exhalation
Exhalation
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Breathing Rate and Exercise
Breathing Rate and Exercise
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Autonomic Nervous System and Breathing
Autonomic Nervous System and Breathing
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Breathing Rate
Breathing Rate
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Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
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Lung Capacity
Lung Capacity
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Diaphragm
Diaphragm
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Respiratory Center
Respiratory Center
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Exercise Safety
Exercise Safety
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What is Emphysema?
What is Emphysema?
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What are Symptoms of Emphysema?
What are Symptoms of Emphysema?
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What is Pneumonia?
What is Pneumonia?
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What are Symptoms of Pneumonia?
What are Symptoms of Pneumonia?
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How is Pneumonia Treated?
How is Pneumonia Treated?
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What is Asthma?
What is Asthma?
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What happens in Asthma?
What happens in Asthma?
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How is Asthma Managed?
How is Asthma Managed?
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What is lung cancer?
What is lung cancer?
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What are carcinogens?
What are carcinogens?
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How does smoking relate to lung cancer?
How does smoking relate to lung cancer?
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What is passive smoking?
What is passive smoking?
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What is nicotine?
What is nicotine?
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What are the harmful effects of cigarette smoke?
What are the harmful effects of cigarette smoke?
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What are the benefits of quitting smoking?
What are the benefits of quitting smoking?
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Guard cells function
Guard cells function
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What is the air passageway?
What is the air passageway?
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Nose function
Nose function
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Pharynx function
Pharynx function
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What is the larynx?
What is the larynx?
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Trachea structure and function
Trachea structure and function
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Study Notes
Gaseous Exchange
- Cellular respiration is a process where C-H bonds in food are broken by oxidation-reduction reactions, transforming energy into ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
- Aerobic respiration uses oxygen for complete food oxidation, producing carbon dioxide and water.
- Organisms obtain oxygen for cellular respiration from their environment and release carbon dioxide.
- Gaseous exchange is the process of taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.
- Breathing is the mechanical process of taking air in and out of the body to obtain oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
- Breathing and respiration are not the same; respiration involves both mechanical and biochemical processes.
- Plants exchange gases through stomata in leaves and stems, and air spaces in the mesophyll.
- Some gaseous exchange also occurs through the cuticle in young stems and leaves.
- During the day, photosynthesis and respiration occur simultaneously in the leaf cells and utilise gases produced by each other.
- During the night, when photosynthesis does not occur, leaves absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
- Woody stems and mature roots have lenticels for gaseous exchange.
- Aquatic plants exchange gases with dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in water.
Gaseous Exchange in Plants
- Plant cells exchange gases directly with their surroundings.
- Stomata are pores on leaves and young stems used for gas exchange.
- The inner cells of leaves and stems contain air spaces to facilitate gas exchange.
- The cuticle, an outer protective layer, allows some gas exchange in young stems and leaves.
Analyzing and Interpreting
- Lenticels are pores in bark that allow air to pass into woody stems and mature roots.
- Gases diffuse in and out of the surface of young roots into the surrounding soil.
- Aquatic plants absorb dissolved oxygen from the water and release carbon dioxide into the water.
Gaseous Exchange in Humans
- Gaseous exchange in humans occurs through the respiratory system, which comprises the air passageway and the lungs.
- The nasal cavity filters, warms, and moistens inhaled air.
- The pharynx is a common passageway for air and food.
- The larynx (voice box) contains vocal cords for sound production.
- The trachea (windpipe) is a tube with cartilage rings to prevent collapsing.
- The bronchi branch into smaller bronchioles leading to alveoli.
- Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
- The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
- The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
- Breathing involves inhalation (taking air in) and exhalation (expelling air out).
- The diaphragm and rib muscles control breathing,
- Inhalation increases the volume of the chest cavity, reducing pressure within the lungs, causing air to rush in.
- Exhalation reverses this process, decreasing lung volume and increasing pressure, forcing air out.
- The respiratory center in the brain controls breathing rate, responding to carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
Practical Work
- Investigate the effect of light on the net gaseous exchange from leaves by observing stomata opening and closing.
- Observe how many stomata are open under the microscope.
- Different steps are provided for experimentation to see how the stomata work in the day and at night.
- Investigating the breathing rate at rest and after exercise.
Respiratory Disorders
- Bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchi or bronchioles. It causes excessive mucus production, swelling of tubular walls and narrowing of tubes.
- Emphysema: destruction of alveoli walls, leading to larger sacs with less surface area for gas exchange.
- Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs causing fluid build up.
Bad Effects of Smoking
- Smoking contains harmful chemicals, including at least 50 carcinogens (cancer-causing agents).
- Smoking increases the risk of lung cancer and other life-threatening diseases.
- Nicotine, a potent poison in tobacco smoke, reaches the bloodstream damaging arteries.
- Smoking decreases the oxygen carrying capacity of haemoglobin and increases the production of blood platelets.
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