Gaseous Exchange and Respiration

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the nasal cavity in the air passageway?

  • To facilitate food digestion.
  • To produce vocal sounds.
  • To allow air to exit the lungs.
  • To filter, moisten, and warm incoming air. (correct)

What structure guards the glottis?

  • Pharynx
  • Nasal cavity
  • Epiglottis (correct)
  • Trachea

Which of the following statements is true about the airway leading to the lungs?

  • The pharynx is a muscular passage common to both food and air. (correct)
  • The nasal cavity does not play a role in air temperature regulation.
  • The larynx is primarily responsible for filtering air.
  • The trachea is located behind the oesophagus.

What prevents the trachea from collapsing when there is no air inside?

<p>C-shaped cartilaginous rings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system connects the pharynx and the trachea?

<p>Larynx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of guard cells contribute to their function?

<p>They control the opening and closing of stomata. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the trachea in humans?

<p>About 12 cm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the air passageway is lined with fine hairs and mucous?

<p>Nasal cavity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the carbon dioxide concentration in the blood during exercise?

<p>It increases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the respiratory center increase the breathing rate during exercise?

<p>To remove excess carbon dioxide and increase oxygen intake. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After which type of exercise is it expected that the breathing rate will show the most increase?

<p>After hard exercise. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What safety consideration is mentioned regarding the exercises conducted in groups?

<p>Students with physical/health problems should not participate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What apparatus is used to measure lung capacity?

<p>Plastic bottle, water tub, rubber tube. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the practical work to find out how much air a person can take into their lungs?

<p>Graduate the plastic bottle externally. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the experiment on breathing rate, what is compared after different types of exercises?

<p>Breathing rate at rest and after exercise. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should students with asthma do before participating in the exercise?

<p>Use their inhalers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of emphysema?

<p>Destruction of alveoli walls (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with pneumonia?

<p>Dusky skin color (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of pneumonia?

<p>Streptococcus pneumoniae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about asthma is true?

<p>It results from airway inflammation and mucus production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consequence occurs when the lungs are unable to return to their original shape in emphysema?

<p>Air becomes trapped in the lungs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is commonly employed for bacterial pneumonia?

<p>Antibiotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age is chronic bronchitis most commonly diagnosed?

<p>45 years of age or older (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following allergens can trigger an asthma attack?

<p>Dust and smoke (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the alveoli in the lungs?

<p>To facilitate gaseous exchange (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures divide the trachea into smaller tubes?

<p>Bronchi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the vocal cords in human speech?

<p>They produce vibrations to create sound (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of bronchioles change as they narrow?

<p>They lose cartilage in their walls (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for moisture and trapping foreign particles in the respiratory tract?

<p>Glandular cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the pulmonary vein in the respiratory system?

<p>To carry oxygenated blood back to the heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature differentiates the left lung from the right lung?

<p>The size and number of lobes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the cilia lining the trachea and bronchi?

<p>To move mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of oxygen is present in inspired air?

<p>21% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gas has a significantly higher concentration in expired air compared to inspired air?

<p>Carbon Dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the balloons in the model when the rubber sheet is pulled down?

<p>The balloons inflate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system in relation to breathing?

<p>To regulate involuntary breathing rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During exercise, how does the breathing rate typically change?

<p>It increases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the diaphragm have during expiration in the model?

<p>It moves back to its original position and allows air to exit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the expired air compared to inspired air?

<p>Saturated with water vapours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component in the model represents the thoracic cavity?

<p>The bell jar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of lung cancer?

<p>Cigarette smoking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with asthma?

<p>Coughing up blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does stopping smoking affect the risk of developing lung cancer?

<p>Decreases risk as the lungs repair (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about smoking-related diseases?

<p>Lung cancer is the only disease caused by smoking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical is known to be a powerful poison and was formerly used as an insecticide?

<p>Nicotine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does passive smoking have on lung cancer risk?

<p>Increases the risk of lung cancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key goal in preventing lung cancer?

<p>Eliminate tobacco smoking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the major symptoms of lung cancer?

<p>Wheezing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the trachea?

The trachea, which is also known as the windpipe, is a tube that carries air from the nose and mouth to the lungs. It is lined with cartilage rings that keep the tube open and prevent it from collapsing.

What are the bronchi?

The bronchi are two branches that extend from the trachea and deliver air to each lung. They have cartilage rings for support.

What are the bronchioles?

Bronchioles are smaller branches that split off from the bronchi, getting progressively smaller as they branch further and further within the lungs. Their purpose is to transport air to the alveoli for gas exchange.

What are the alveoli?

Alveoli are tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles where gas exchange takes place. They are surrounded by blood capillaries, allowing oxygen to move into the blood and carbon dioxide to move out.

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What is the diaphragm?

The diaphragm is a strong, dome-shaped muscle that sits below the lungs. It plays a crucial role in breathing, contracting and relaxing to change the volume of the chest cavity.

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What are the intercostal muscles?

The intercostal muscles are located between the ribs and play a vital role in breathing. They help expand and contract the rib cage, contributing to air intake and expulsion.

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What are the lungs?

The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. They facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide through tiny sacs called alveoli.

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What are the pulmonary artery and vein?

The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, where it gets oxygenated. The pulmonary vein carries the oxygenated blood back to the heart.

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Gaseous Exchange

The process by which oxygen is taken into the body and carbon dioxide is expelled from the body.

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Oxygen Levels in Inspired vs. Expired Air

The amount of oxygen in the air we breathe in is higher than the amount in the air we breathe out. This is because our bodies use oxygen for energy and produce carbon dioxide as a waste product.

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Carbon Dioxide Levels in Inspired vs. Expired Air

The amount of carbon dioxide in the air we breathe out is much higher than the amount in the air we breathe in. This is because our bodies produce carbon dioxide as a waste product.

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Diaphragm and Breathing

The diaphragm is a muscle that helps us breathe. It contracts and relaxes to change the volume of our chest cavity.

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Inhalation

When the diaphragm contracts, it flattens out, increasing the volume of the chest cavity and causing air to be drawn into the lungs (inspiration).

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Exhalation

When the diaphragm relaxes, it returns to its dome shape, decreasing the volume of the chest cavity and causing air to be expelled from the lungs (expiration).

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Breathing Rate and Exercise

Exercising increases the breathing rate due to the increased need for oxygen and faster removal of carbon dioxide.

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Autonomic Nervous System and Breathing

The autonomic nervous system, including the respiratory center in the brain, regulates breathing rate and is sensitive to carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

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Breathing Rate

This refers to the rate at which we breathe, measured by the number of breaths per minute.

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Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration is the process that breaks down glucose (sugar) to release energy for our cells. It requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide as a byproduct.

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Lung Capacity

This refers to the maximum amount of air you can take in and hold in your lungs.

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Diaphragm

The diaphragm is a muscle that helps us breathe. It contracts to expand our lungs, allowing air to enter, and relaxes to expel air.

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Respiratory Center

This refers to the control center in our brain responsible for regulating breathing, which adjusts breathing rate according to our body's needs.

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Exercise Safety

It's important to adjust the intensity and duration of exercise based on individual fitness levels, medical conditions and other factors.

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What is Emphysema?

A condition where the walls of the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are damaged, leading to enlarged air sacs but decreased surface area for gas exchange.

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What are Symptoms of Emphysema?

Emphysema is characterized by shortness of breath, fatigue, recurrent respiratory infections, and weight loss. It often develops when a significant portion of lung tissue is lost.

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What is Pneumonia?

Pneumonia is an infection in the lungs, often caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae, but also sometimes by viruses or fungi.

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What are Symptoms of Pneumonia?

Pneumonia causes symptoms like a cold followed by high fever, shivering, coughing with sputum production, shortness of breath, and changes in skin color due to poor oxygenation.

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How is Pneumonia Treated?

Pneumonia is treatable with antibiotics, especially for bacterial infections. Vaccines are available to help prevent pneumonia.

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What is Asthma?

Asthma is a chronic allergic condition where the airways become inflamed and narrowed, often triggered by allergens like dust, smoke, or pollen. This causes difficulty breathing.

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What happens in Asthma?

In asthma, the bronchi and bronchioles become sensitive to allergens, leading to an immediate and excessive constriction of the airways. The symptoms of asthma can vary from person to person.

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How is Asthma Managed?

Asthma is a chronic condition, but it can be managed with medication and avoiding triggers.

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What is lung cancer?

Lung cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the lungs, caused by uncontrolled cell growth that forms tumors and may spread to other tissues. Common symptoms include shortness of breath, coughing, and weight loss.

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What are carcinogens?

Substances that increase the risk of developing cancer are called carcinogens. Common examples are cigarette smoke, ionizing radiation, and certain viral infections.

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How does smoking relate to lung cancer?

Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, with cigarette smoke containing over 50 known carcinogens. The risk of lung cancer is significantly lower in non-smokers.

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What is passive smoking?

Passive smoking, which involves inhaling smoke from another person's cigarette, is also a cause of lung cancer. The smoke from the burning end of a cigarette is more dangerous than the filter end.

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What is nicotine?

Nicotine, a powerful poison found in tobacco, is highly addictive. It used to be used as an insecticide due to its strong toxicity.

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What are the harmful effects of cigarette smoke?

Cigarette smoke contains over 4,000 different chemicals, including many carcinogens and poisonous substances. It affects nearly every organ in the body, increasing the risk of various diseases.

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What are the benefits of quitting smoking?

Quitting smoking reduces the risk of developing lung cancer and other diseases. Damage to the lungs starts to repair itself, and harmful contaminants are gradually removed.

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Guard cells function

Guard cells are bean-shaped cells that surround the stomata. When they swell, the stomata opens, and when they shrink, the stomata closes. This is because they have thicker cell walls on the inner side, creating a curve when turgid. This is vital for regulating gas exchange and water loss in plants.

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What is the air passageway?

The air passageway in humans is a series of structures that conduct air from the outside environment to the lungs. It warms, moistens, and filters the air before it reaches the delicate lung tissue.

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Nose function

The nose is the first part of the air passageway. It is lined with hairs and mucus that trap dust and other particles, preventing them from entering the lungs.

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Pharynx function

The pharynx is a muscular passage that connects the mouth and nose to the trachea and esophagus. It plays a role in both breathing and swallowing.

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What is the larynx?

The larynx, also known as the voice box, is a cartilaginous structure that contains vocal cords. It helps produce sound and protects the trachea from foreign objects.

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Trachea structure and function

The trachea, also known as the windpipe, is a tube that connects the larynx to the lungs. It is made of C-shaped rings of cartilage that keep it open and prevent it from collapsing.

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Study Notes

Gaseous Exchange

  • Cellular respiration is a process where C-H bonds in food are broken by oxidation-reduction reactions, transforming energy into ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
  • Aerobic respiration uses oxygen for complete food oxidation, producing carbon dioxide and water.
  • Organisms obtain oxygen for cellular respiration from their environment and release carbon dioxide.
  • Gaseous exchange is the process of taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.
  • Breathing is the mechanical process of taking air in and out of the body to obtain oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
  • Breathing and respiration are not the same; respiration involves both mechanical and biochemical processes.
  • Plants exchange gases through stomata in leaves and stems, and air spaces in the mesophyll.
  • Some gaseous exchange also occurs through the cuticle in young stems and leaves.
  • During the day, photosynthesis and respiration occur simultaneously in the leaf cells and utilise gases produced by each other.
  • During the night, when photosynthesis does not occur, leaves absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
  • Woody stems and mature roots have lenticels for gaseous exchange.
  • Aquatic plants exchange gases with dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in water.

Gaseous Exchange in Plants

  • Plant cells exchange gases directly with their surroundings.
  • Stomata are pores on leaves and young stems used for gas exchange.
  • The inner cells of leaves and stems contain air spaces to facilitate gas exchange.
  • The cuticle, an outer protective layer, allows some gas exchange in young stems and leaves.

Analyzing and Interpreting

  • Lenticels are pores in bark that allow air to pass into woody stems and mature roots.
  • Gases diffuse in and out of the surface of young roots into the surrounding soil.
  • Aquatic plants absorb dissolved oxygen from the water and release carbon dioxide into the water.

Gaseous Exchange in Humans

  • Gaseous exchange in humans occurs through the respiratory system, which comprises the air passageway and the lungs.
  • The nasal cavity filters, warms, and moistens inhaled air.
  • The pharynx is a common passageway for air and food.
  • The larynx (voice box) contains vocal cords for sound production.
  • The trachea (windpipe) is a tube with cartilage rings to prevent collapsing.
  • The bronchi branch into smaller bronchioles leading to alveoli.
  • Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
  • The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
  • The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
  • Breathing involves inhalation (taking air in) and exhalation (expelling air out).
  • The diaphragm and rib muscles control breathing,
  • Inhalation increases the volume of the chest cavity, reducing pressure within the lungs, causing air to rush in.
  • Exhalation reverses this process, decreasing lung volume and increasing pressure, forcing air out.
  • The respiratory center in the brain controls breathing rate, responding to carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

Practical Work

  • Investigate the effect of light on the net gaseous exchange from leaves by observing stomata opening and closing.
  • Observe how many stomata are open under the microscope.
  • Different steps are provided for experimentation to see how the stomata work in the day and at night.
  • Investigating the breathing rate at rest and after exercise.

Respiratory Disorders

  • Bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchi or bronchioles. It causes excessive mucus production, swelling of tubular walls and narrowing of tubes.
  • Emphysema: destruction of alveoli walls, leading to larger sacs with less surface area for gas exchange.
  • Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs causing fluid build up.

Bad Effects of Smoking

  • Smoking contains harmful chemicals, including at least 50 carcinogens (cancer-causing agents).
  • Smoking increases the risk of lung cancer and other life-threatening diseases.
  • Nicotine, a potent poison in tobacco smoke, reaches the bloodstream damaging arteries.
  • Smoking decreases the oxygen carrying capacity of haemoglobin and increases the production of blood platelets.

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