30 Questions
What is the main focus of the theory proposed by Barbara Fredrickson?
Equivalence of all positive emotions and equivalence of all negative emotions
In what way do longitudinal studies suggest happiness impacts various aspects of life?
Precedes fulfilling work and satisfying relationships
How are positive emotions believed to influence information processing according to the text?
Broadening the information processing
What is the main outcome of positive mood induction mentioned in the text?
More positive judgments of people and activities
How does the text describe the impact of positive emotions on personal relationships and employment?
Positive impact
Which body posture influences a broader categorization according to the text?
Smiling in a reclining position
Which emotion leads to broadening of attention according to the text?
Sadness
What effect does showing people pictures of delicious desserts induce, according to the text?
Narrowing of attention
Which theory holds true for positive emotions of low motivational intensity, but not for negative emotions of high motivational intensity?
Broaden and Build Theory
What is the determining factor for attentional scope?
The emotional intensity
What type of stimuli did induced positive mood lead participants to focus more on?
Peripheral stimuli
Which of the following factors were controlled for by the researchers?
Depression, optimism, anxiety, and trait affect
What type of problem-solving strategies did participants in a positive mood exhibit more of?
Novel problem-solving strategies
According to Fredrickson and Branigan (2005), what did positive mood lead participants to generate more of relative to neutral mood?
A varied list of behaviors they want to engage in
What did participants do after viewing a mood induction film, as per the text?
Listed all the things they would like to do right now
How do positive emotions impact an individual's thinking and problem-solving?
They lead to more flexible and creative thinking
What is a consequence of negative emotions like fear and anxiety on attentional focus?
They narrow an individual's attentional focus
How do positive emotions affect visual attention based on the text?
They lead to longer fixation to peripheral aspects of images
What is the impact of negative emotions on an individual's thinking and problem solving?
They narrow an individual's attentional focus
How do positive emotions affect the breadth of attention compared to negative emotions?
Positive emotions broaden an individual's attentional focus
Positive emotions with high motivational intensity have a broader effect compared to negative emotions.
False
High resilient individuals do not experience more positive emotions in stressful situations.
False
Listening to mood-inducing music can induce emotions with low motivational intensity.
True
Positive mood induction has no impact on the sense of having grown from a crisis.
False
Positive emotions can contribute to slower cardiovascular recovery from negative emotional arousal.
False
Match the following emotions with their impact on attentional focus:
Sadness = Leads to broadening of attention Disgust = Leads to narrowing of attention Desire = Causes a narrowing of attention Enthusiasm = Not mentioned in relation to attentional focus
Match the following body postures with their influence on categorization breadth:
Smiling in a reclining position = Leads to broader categorization Smiling while leaning forward = Leads to more narrow categorization Standing upright with arms crossed = Not mentioned in relation to categorization breadth Sitting with legs crossed = Not mentioned in relation to categorization breadth
Match the following emotional intensities with their effect on attentional scope:
Positive emotions of low intensity = Lead to broadening of attention Negative emotions of high intensity = Lead to narrowing of attention Positive emotions of high intensity = Not mentioned in relation to attentional scope Neutral emotions = Not mentioned in relation to attentional scope
Match the following theories with their validity according to the text:
Broaden and build theory = Holds true for positive emotions of low motivational intensity Critique of Harmon-Jones and colleagues = In line with the best conclusion about attentional scope determination Theory on meditation and resilience = Remains valid despite criticism on positive emotions causing broadening Fredrickson's theory on positive emotions and problem-solving = Not specifically addressed in the text
Match the following statements with their accuracy based on the text:
Positive emotions cause broadening according to the theory = Does not hold up as per the text Negative emotions always lead to narrowing of attention = True based on comparisons in the text Inducing desire always results in narrowing of attention = True based on examples in the text Inducing enthusiasm is mentioned as causing broadening of attention = Not described in relation to attentional focus
Study Notes
Positive Emotions and Their Effects
- Research by Lyubomirsky, King, and Diener (2005) includes correlational, longitudinal, and experimental studies on positive emotions, measuring happiness, PANAS, mood, and well-being.
- Findings indicate a broad range of benefits, including:
- Better personal relationships
- Fulfilling and productive work
- Satisfying mental and physical health
- Longitudinal studies show that happiness precedes fulfilling work, satisfying relationships, and better mental and physical health.
Broaden-and-Build Theory
- Proposed by Barbara Fredrickson around 2001, building on prior research by Alice Isen (1970s).
- Assumes all positive emotions are equivalent and all negative emotions are equivalent.
- Focuses on the impact of immediate or acute positive emotions, which are seen as beneficial.
- Positive emotions broaden information processing, leading to:
- A wider range of action tendencies
- More flexible and creative thinking and problem solving
Long-term Consequences
- Accumulation of psychological, physical, and social resources, including:
- A wider range of knowledge
- Better cardiovascular reactivity
- A more extensive social network
Attention and Cognition
- Positive emotions lead to:
- A wider attentional focus, like a flashlight beam
- More global processing, rather than local processing
- More unusual associations, inclusive categories, and novel problem-solving strategies
- Better performance in creativity tests
Visual Attention and Meditation
- People in a positive mood show longer fixation to peripheral aspects of images (Wadlinger & Isaacowitz, 2006).
- Meditation increases positive emotions, mindfulness, purpose in life, social support, and fewer symptoms of illness.
High Resilience and Positive Emotions
- High resilient individuals experience more positive emotions in stressful situations, contributing to:
- Faster cardiovascular recovery from negative emotional arousal
- Lower depression scores and a greater sense of having grown from a crisis
Criticisms and Limitations
- Research by Harmon-Jones and colleagues (2008) suggests that the apparent broaden effect of positive emotions is due to differences in motivational intensity, rather than valence.
- Positive emotions have been low in motivational intensity, making it difficult to compare to negative emotions high in motivational intensity.
Explore a study where university students were induced with positive mood using candy and then their eye fixations were tracked while viewing emotionally evocative images. Discover how induced positive mood led to more fixations on peripheral stimuli rather than centrally located ones. Delve into the factors controlled for by the researchers in this study.
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