16 Questions
When volume losses are not replaced during hemorrhage, what happens to hemoglobin concentration?
It remains constant
In the equation EBL = EBV × ln(Hi/Hf), what do Hi and Hf represent?
Initial and final hematocrit
What is the effect of intravenous fluid infusion in the absence of bleeding on hemoglobin concentration?
It decreases hemoglobin concentration
How does transfusing packed red cells in a non-bleeding individual affect hemoglobin concentration?
It increases hemoglobin concentration
What is the defining characteristic of Class IV hemorrhage?
Preterminal event requiring immediate therapy
What is considered a massive hemorrhage?
Loss of total EBV in a 3-hour period
In which class of hemorrhage does urinary output play a significant role in complicating the estimation of blood loss?
Class IV
How does blood volume vary with age and physiologic state when indexed to body weight?
Older individuals have smaller blood volumes
What is the formula to calculate arterial oxygen content (CaO2) according to the text?
13.4 × [Hb] × SaO2 + 0.03 PaO2
What is a potential consequence of severe hemorrhage on systemic oxygen delivery, according to the text?
Depression of cardiac output
In hemorrhagic shock, what happens to the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues?
It is impaired
What is the relationship between systemic oxygen consumption (VO2) and the body's energy needs under normal aerobic conditions?
Proportional
Which parameter is used to define tissue oxygenation and is calculated as (CaO2 – CmvO2)/CaO2?
Oxygen extraction ratio
What is the formula to calculate VO2 using Fick’s principle?
VO2 = cardiac index × (CaO2 – CmvO2)
What can lead to decreases in cardiac output and oxygen delivery (DO2) during hemorrhagic shock?
Decreases in blood volume
What reflects increased efficiency in oxygen utilization during hypoxia?
Rise in oxygen extraction ratio
Test your knowledge on estimating the effect of blood transfusion on volume or hemoglobin concentration in actively bleeding individuals. Learn about the measures needed to estimate fluid replacement and alterations in systemic oxygen delivery during hemorrhagic shock.
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