Educational Psychology Chapter 1: Introduction

The three forms of identity crisis are: Severe, Prolonged, and Aggravated.

Social relationships are contexts within which exploration takes place, allowing individuals to try on different roles in peer groups.

Interactions with a large group of diverse individuals reduces bigoted beliefs, helps shape beliefs, and challenges values.

<p>Peers become a significant influence during this period, playing a larger role than parents in shaping an individual's identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early adulthood is characterized by the conflict of Intimacy vs Isolation, with the virtue of Love being associated with successful resolution of this conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The adolescent stage is characterized by physical changes and the exploration of one's sexual self, and successfully navigating these changes leading to an acceptance of them contribute to developing Fidelity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The virtue associated with successful resolution of the conflict in the old age stage is Wisdom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing consistent, constructive feedback and nurturing a sense of industry and competence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two potential benefits of including autistic children in a mainstream classroom are increased opportunities for social development and exposure to what is considered &quot;normal&quot; behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One potential negative consequence of the inclusion approach is that autistic children may experience social rejection and feel pressure to mask their autistic traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An autism-friendly classroom minimizes sensory stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autistic children may engage in these behaviors due to difficulties with emotional regulation, where they are easily overwhelmed by emotions like anger or anxiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Special education classrooms typically have a smaller number of students compared to mainstream classes, providing a more supportive and less overwhelming environment for autistic learners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unschooling assumes that children are inherently curious and will learn best through their own exploration and interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>While both cater to specific educational needs, special education classrooms are designed for a wider range of learning disabilities, whereas autistic support classrooms focus specifically on meeting the needs of autistic children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homeschooling requires at least one parent to be home full-time to provide instruction and support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Examples of cultivating resilience in a school setting include providing clear guidelines and boundaries, ensuring consistency and predictability, offering extracurricular activities and sports, promoting mental health, building positive relationships with students, teaching socio-emotional skills, promoting self-esteem, and fostering a sense of community through events and activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A positive self-concept is crucial for resilience because it helps individuals develop confidence in their abilities, cope with challenges, and bounce back from setbacks. It allows them to view themselves as capable and worthy, which strengthens their belief in their own potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Content Integration aims to include knowledge and perspectives from different cultures and parts of the world in the curriculum. By doing so, it challenges biases, promotes a broader understanding of diverse experiences, and fosters a more inclusive learning environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'Knowledge Construction Process' in multicultural education aims to make students aware of how their own cultural assumptions, biases, and perspectives influence the way they perceive and interpret information. It encourages critical thinking about how knowledge itself is constructed and how various perspectives can shape our understanding of the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schools can promote prejudice reduction by encouraging students to develop positive and democratic racial attitudes, promoting understanding of socio-economic differences, and highlighting the diverse experiences of students from different backgrounds. It also involves creating a safe and inclusive environment where differences are celebrated and diversity is valued.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overcoming challenges is a fundamental aspect of building resilience. When students confront and successfully navigate challenges, it builds their confidence, strengthens their problem-solving abilities, and reinforces their ability to cope with adversity in the future. This fosters a sense of accomplishment and self-efficacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parental involvement in education is crucial because it signals to children that their learning is valued and supported. It provides opportunities for collaboration between schools and families, allowing parents to stay informed about their child's progress and contribute to their learning journey. This partnership can enhance student motivation, engagement, and academic success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parents can get involved in their children's schools in various ways, including attending school events, volunteering in classrooms or for school activities, participating in workshops or parent-teacher meetings, and staying informed about their child's progress and school initiatives. They can also contribute to school improvement projects or advocate for policies that support student learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Redirecting minor misbehavior subtly using non-verbal cues and addressing issues early in their stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To address disruptions with the least invasive methods possible, only doing what is necessary to maintain focus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clear instructions and expectations, and positive student-teacher relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consistent teaching style promotes clear expectations, creating a predictable environment that helps students understand what is expected of them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It starts with the least intrusive interventions and progresses to stronger measures only when necessary, minimizing disruptions to the lesson flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Addressing issues early helps prevent them from escalating and becoming more disruptive to the class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention from the teacher or the class, and the possibility of escaping tasks or activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a point of reference for measuring the effectiveness of the program by comparing behavior changes to the initial state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three main characteristics that define bullying are the intention to harm, an imbalance of power, and the act being witnessed by others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Henchmen actively participate in bullying, while Active Supporters only cheer on and support the bullies without taking direct action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-physical bullying, such as mocking and spreading rumours, is the most common form of bullying today.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'Testing Stage' is where potential bullies assess their targets, looking for signs of weakness, vulnerability, or an easier target.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The bullying escalates as more peers join in, either due to social pressure or fear, reinforcing the victim's social isolation and confirming their powerless position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The victim's realization of their status often leads to feelings of powerlessness. LOC becomes important for coping and determining their own agency in the situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the 'Full Blown Stage', bullying becomes more frequent and involves multiple forms of harassment, effectively isolating the victim from their peers and social support network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schemas are mental frameworks that help us organize, interpret, and understand new information. As we encounter new experiences and information, our schemas become more complex and sophisticated. For example, a young child might have a schema for 'dog' that includes only furry, four-legged creatures that bark. As they encounter different types of dogs (e.g., small, large, different breeds), their schema expands to include these variations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two key processes are assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation involves incorporating new information into existing schemas. Accommodation, on the other hand, involves modifying existing schemas to fit new information. These processes work together to help individuals learn and adapt to new situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Equilibration refers to the balance between assimilation and accommodation. As children encounter new information that challenges their existing schemas, they experience cognitive conflict. They then strive to re-establish equilibrium by either assimilating the new information or accommodating their existing schemas. This process of seeking equilibrium drives children through the different stages of cognitive development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sensorimotor stage is characterized by the infant's exploration of the world through their senses and motor abilities. They learn about objects by touching, tasting, and manipulating them. A typical behavior is 'object permanence', where a 6-month-old might believe that an object that is hidden from view no longer exists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photovoice allows participants to express their perspectives and experiences through visual storytelling. It empowers them to share their realities, particularly in situations where they may lack the vocabulary or confidence to articulate their thoughts verbally. This method provides a valuable insight into their perspectives and can be used to inform the development of interventions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constructivism emphasizes the active role of learners in constructing their understanding of the world. INKLA incorporates this principle by recognizing children as active participants in their development. Interventions are designed to stimulate their curiosity, encourage exploration, and promote their active involvement in the learning process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structured interviews provide a systematic way of gathering information from different stakeholders involved in the intervention. This allows for a comprehensive understanding of the intervention's impact, the challenges encountered, and the perspectives of all parties involved. This information is crucial for evaluating the effectiveness of the intervention and making necessary adjustments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The IDI serves as a measurement tool to assess the success of the intervention. It tracks the progress made by the intervention and provides data to determine whether the desired development outcomes are being achieved. This information is essential for evaluating the effectiveness of the intervention and making necessary adjustments along the way.</p> Signup and view all the answers

INKLA Development Index measures intervention success.

Watching the impact and development of an intervention.

A method where participants take photos and caption them on topics.

Formal discussions with all involved to analyze perspectives.

Growth, adapting, and changing over time in all life facets.

The process of thinking, exploring, and problem-solving skills growth.

Mental frameworks that organize and interpret new information.

Balance of assimilation and accommodation in cognitive development.

Factors and supports that enhance an individual's ability to recover from difficulties.

Established rules that provide structure and direction in an environment.

Skills that help individuals manage emotions and build relationships.

Support systems such as counselors that promote mental well-being.

Fostering a sense of community through events and activities.

Creating an atmosphere of fairness and equality for all individuals.

Incorporating diverse cultural knowledge into teaching practices.

Activities aimed at fostering positive attitudes and understanding of diversity.

Three types of identity crises: Severe, Prolonged, Aggravated.

The conflict of Intimacy vs Isolation occurs from age 19-29.

The virtue associated with establishing intimate relationships in early adulthood.

The conflict faced during Middle Age (30-64) focused on contributing to society.

Integrity vs Despair is the conflict faced in old age (65+).

Social relationships help with identity formation through exploration.

Navigating body changes in adolescence affects sexual self-image and identity.

The virtue achieved in adolescence through acceptance of body and self-image changes.

Setting specific guidelines for behavior and tasks in the classroom.

Addressing disruptions using minimal methods to maintain a positive learning environment.

Measures taken to avoid disruptions, including clear instructions and positive relationships.

Dealing with minor misbehaviors early, using subtle cues like eye contact.

Intervention strategies that start with the least intrusive methods.

Gestures or eye contact used to redirect behavior subtly without verbal disruption.

Rewarding desired behaviors to encourage their continuation and reduce misbehaviors.

Applying consequences carefully and ensuring students understand why they are punished.

Difficulties with sensory experiences like noises and lights for autistic individuals.

The ability to manage emotions; often harder for autistic individuals.

Challenges in understanding social cues and interacting with others.

Integrating autistic children into mainstream classrooms with minimal support.

Classrooms designed specifically for autistic needs with tailored teaching.

Classrooms focusing on smaller groups for more targeted learning.

An education method with no set curriculum, focusing on curiosity.

Parents educate their children at home, often due to lack of resources.

A cohesive strategy involving the entire school to improve behavior, learning, and well-being.

Acts of aggression with the intent to harm, featuring power imbalance, witnessed by others, and is repeated.

Various forms, with non-physical bullying being the most prevalent and mocking/rumors being the most common.

Bullying peaks around ages 11-13, tends to decrease with age.

A cycle that includes various roles such as bullies, defenders, and supporters, facilitating bullying behavior.

Individuals who actively resist and stand up to bullies, opposing the behavior.

The initial phase where offenders gauge who might be an easy target.

The phase when bullying becomes frequent and manifests in multiple forms, leading to victim isolation.