Educational Philosophies and Curriculum Design

Proponents and their Theories

• Wilhelm Wundt is considered the Father of modern psychology.
• Sigmund Freud is the Father of psychoanalysis and psychosexual theory.
• Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi is the Father of education and pedagogy.
• Ivan Pavlov is known for Classical Conditioning.
• B.F. Skinner is known for Operant Conditioning.
• David Ausubel is known for Meaningful learning.
• Jerome Bruner is known for Discovery learning and spiral curriculum.
• Albert Bandura is known for Social cognitive learning theory.
• Kurt Levin is known for Ecological theory,
• Urie Bronfenbrenner is known for Ecological theory.
• Sandra Bem is known for Gender Schema Theory.
• Howard Gardner is known for Theory of multiple intelligence;
• Elliot Turiel is known for Social Domain Theory.
• Lawrence Kohlberg is known for Moral Development Theory.
• Robert Sternberg is known for Triarchic Theory of intelligence.
• Erik Erikson is known for Psychosocial Development Theory.
• M. Montessori is known for Transfer of Learning, and Kindergarten Preparation of Children.
• E.P. Torrance is known for Creative Problem Solving.
• Chomsky is known for Linguistic Acquisition Theory.
• Jean Piaget is known for Cognitive Learning Theory.
• John B. Watson is known for Behavioral Theory, and Purpose Behaviorism.
• Edward Tolman is known for Purpose Behaviorism.
• Bernard Weiner is known for Attribution Theory.
• Daniel Goleman is known for Emotional Intelligence.
• Edward Lee Thorndike is known for connectionism, the law of effect, and father of modern educational psychology.
• Edward Lee Thorndike is known for connectionism, the law of effect, and "realize the fullest satisfaction of human wants".
• Titchener is known for Structuralism psychology.
• Robert Gagne is known for the Sequence of Instruction.
• Abraham Maslow is known for Hierarchy of needs, motivation theory.
• Benjamin Bloom is known for Bloom's taxonomy.
• David Krathwohl is known for Affective domain.
• Lev Vygotsky is known for Socio-cultural theory of cognitive development and linguistic theory; scaffolding.
• John Locke is known for Tabularasa and empiricism.
• Charles Cooley is known for looking-glass self-theory.
• John Flavell is known for Metacognition.
• Arnold Gesell is known for Maturation theory.
• John Dewey is known for Learning by doing.
• John Amos Comenius is known for Father of modern education.
• Auguste Comte is known as the Father of sociology.

Foundations of Education

• John Locke is considered the Father of Liberalism, and emphasized the importance of formal discipline and Notable ideas - "Tabula rasa"
• Francis Bacon is considered the Father of empiricism and the scientific method.
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau is associated with holistic education (physical, moral, intellectual), child-centered learning, and moral simplicity of humanity.
• Edgar Dale, is known for the Cone of Experience.
• Erik Erikson is known for his theory on psychosocial development.
• Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi is known for his educational reform, the "Four-sphere concept" and the motto "Learning by head, hand and heart"
• Friedrich Frobel is a precursor to modern education known for his foundation of modern education based on the unique needs of children and capabilities.
• Johann Herbart is a philosopher, psychologist, and founder of pedagogy, and
• Edward Lee Thorndike is known for connectionism, the law of effect, and "realize the fullest satisfaction of human wants".

Constructivism & Social Reconstructionism

• Constructivism, exemplified by Jean Piaget, focuses on how humans make meaning through interactions with their experiences and ideas.
• Social Reconstructionism, as articulated by George Counts, asserts that education should be a tool for social reform.

Assessment of Learning

• Recommended Curriculum is planned and proposed by schools or a district.
• Written Curriculum is the documented procedures for curriculum delivery.
• Taught Curriculum is the method demonstrated in the classroom.
• Supported Curriculum is supplemental learning programs.
• Assessed Curriculum reflects demonstrated student learning through quizzes and exams.
• Learned Curriculum is the actual learning demonstrated in school.
• Hidden Curriculum includes indirect learning effects that students experience.

Curriculum Assessment

• Pilot Testing gathers empirical data assessing the viability of curriculum materials and/or the entirety of a curriculum.
• Monitoring continually assesses and adjusts a curriculum.
• Accreditation is a voluntary review process determining the curriculum program's current status.
• Curriculum Evaluation is an assessment process to determine the effectiveness and adequacy of a curriculum.
• Curriculum Improvement modifies certain aspects of a particular program without changing the fundamental concepts.

Curriculum Development

• Curriculum development comprises the selection, organization, implementation, and evaluation processes aimed at enhancing the learning experience.
• Planning involves identifying learner needs, setting objectives, selecting content, and outlining instructional strategies.
• Organization determines the sequencing and structure of the curriculum.
• Implementation involves teachers' conduct of learning activities aligned with the plan.
• Evaluation assesses the effectiveness of the curriculum program and the learners outcomes or progress.
• Subject-centered curriculum design prioritizes subject matter.
• Learner-Centered design centers on each students individual needs.
• Problem-centered design focuses on social problems, needs, interests and abilities of learners.

Characteristics of Culture

• Culture can be described as diverse, gratifying needs based, adaptive, learned, and transmitted.
• Culture is learned through enculturation (learning one's own culture) and acculturation (learning other cultures).
• Culture is characterized by language, norms, sanctions, values, and change.

Sociology

• Society is a group of individuals.
• Groups are units of interacting personalities.
• Socialization is the process of adapting to social needs and interests.
• Social processes are patterned and recurring forms of interaction, including competition, conflict, cooperation, accommodation, and assimilation/acculturation.
• Social stratification is the classification of people based on factors like socio-economic status, usually to determine social mobility.
• Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups within a social stratification system.
• Social inequality is the condition where members of a society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, and power.
• Social status is a position assigned within a group.

Cell Organelles and their Functions

• Nucleus: The control center of the cell.
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): Involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.
• Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
• Chloroplasts: Conduct photosynthesis in plant cells.
• Vacuoles: Storage compartments within the cell.
• Lysosomes: Contain enzymes that break down cellular waste.
• Cell membrane: The outer boundary of the cell.
• Cytoplasm: The gel-like substance within the cell.
• Golgi apparatus: Involved in packaging and sorting cellular products.
• Cell wall: Supporting outer layer of plant cells.
• Mitochondria: The powerhouses of the cell, responsible for energy production.

Philippine History & Politics

• Common Republic Acts in LET that pertain to education.
• The Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers.
• Declaring teachers professional.
• Decree professionalizing teachers
• Filipino as national Language
• Provisions on Educational Access and Quality
• Establishment of an Integrated Educational System.
• Providing Educational assistance to students.
• Magna Carta for public school teachers
• Anti-sexual harassment act of 1995
• Decentralization of education
• K-12 Enhanced Basic Education Curriculum
• Acts involving educational reform and development
• Acts involving funding of education.

Philippine Literature

• Many figures in Philippine literature were presented.

Figures of Speech

• Synedoche refers to a part representing the whole.
• Simile is an indirect comparison using "like" or "as".
• Personification gives human qualities to non-human entities.
• Oxymoron is a paradox using contradictory terms.
• Metonymy is using a closely related term to substitute another.
• Metaphor is a direct comparison.
• Irony is a contrast between expectation and reality.
• Hyperbole is an exaggeration.
• Euphemism is replacing offensive terms with less harmful ones.
• Ellipsis is omitting words to create a concise sentence.
• Asyndeton is eliminating conjunctions or prepositions to create rhythm.
• Apostrophe is a direct address to an entity in a text.