Educational Philosophies Comparison

Study Notes

Aims to develop students’ intellectual and moral qualities through exposure to “Great Books” and enduring ideas.
Emphasizes a classical curriculum centered on literature, philosophy, history, and mathematics to cultivate rational thinking.
Views the teacher as an authority figure responsible for imparting knowledge and guiding students toward universal truths using Socratic methods.
Positions learning as a lifelong pursuit of unchanging principles and truths.
Students are considered passive learners, expected to absorb and reflect on historical wisdom.

Focuses on teaching essential knowledge and skills necessary for effective societal functioning.
Curriculum is centered on core subjects, including reading, writing, mathematics, science, and history, promoting rigorous standards.
Teachers act as experts delivering essential knowledge within a structured, traditional teaching approach.
Learning is perceived as acquiring a necessary body of knowledge that fosters societal participation; discipline and hard work are emphasized.
Students are active but directed learners, expected to master foundational skills for personal and professional success.

Advocates for the development of the whole child, preparing students for a changing society through student-centered education.
Curriculum is flexible, adapting to students' interests and needs with project-based learning and real-world problems.
Teachers serve as facilitators, encouraging inquiry, critical thinking, and creativity among students.
Learning is dynamic and ongoing, emphasizing the importance of learning how to learn rather than rote memorization.
Students are active participants, encouraged to engage critically and explore their interests through hands-on experiences.

Uses education as a tool to address social injustices and work towards societal reconstruction.
Curriculum focuses on contemporary social issues, critical thinking, and democratic ideals, integrating topics of social justice and global citizenship.
Teachers are viewed as change agents, inspiring students to question societal structures and engage in social reform.
Learning is transformative, fostering critical thinkers who actively engage in societal change.
Students engage in discussions about social issues, reflecting critically on their roles in improving society.

Teacher roles differ: Perennialism and essentialism see teachers as authoritative, while progressivism and reconstructionism view them as facilitators.
Curriculum emphasis: Perennialism and essentialism advocate traditional, subject-based learning; progressivism and reconstructionism favor flexible, student-centered approaches.
Philosophical foundations vary: Perennialism believes in universal truths, essentialism focuses on societal needs, progressivism on individual development, and reconstructionism on social reform.

Perennialism and essentialism adopt conservative views centered on timeless knowledge and essential skills.
Progressivism and reconstructionism take liberal stances, emphasizing student interests and the pursuit of social change.