Education Psychology Chapter 5
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What was the outcome for the paid group of students in the Soma puzzle experiment when payment ended?

  • They stopped solving puzzles. (correct)
  • They continued to solve puzzles for enjoyment.
  • They became more competitive.
  • Their performance improved dramatically.

    • What does intrinsic motivation refer to?

  • Initiating learning only after receiving rewards.
  • Behavior influenced by external punishments.
  • The desire to learn for external rewards.
  • Learning driven by inherent satisfaction. (correct)

    • Which type of reinforcement strengthens behavior by removing an unpleasant experience?

  • Negative Punishment
  • Positive Punishment
  • Negative Reinforcement (correct)
  • Positive Reinforcement

    • What is a crucial requirement for achieving a flow experience?

    <p>Timely and unambiguous feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Self-Efficacy Theory, what is essential for motivation to act?

    <p>Feeling capable of a specific task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What problem can arise from escalating rewards and punishments over time?

    <p>They may lead to dependency on external motivations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested about knowledge acquired under compulsion?

    <p>It is less likely to stick in the mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal state of self-efficacy according to the theory presented?

    <p>At or slightly above true capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of knowledge focuses on knowing when to apply skills and rules?

    <p>Conditional Knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of assessment in education?

    <p>Gathering evidence of student learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the 'null curriculum' in education?

    <p>Set of objectives or skills not taught intentionally or unintentionally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which educational philosophy emphasizes essential skills and enduring truths?

    <p>Essentialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of assessment is primarily focused on creating a baseline for instruction?

    <p>Diagnostic Assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does triangulation in assessment refer to?

    <p>The use of two or more data sources for evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the hidden curriculum consist of in educational settings?

    <p>Lessons and behaviors learned but not formally instructed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of products can learners create to demonstrate their understanding?

    <p>Posters, essays, and videos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of intermittent practice over massed practice?

    <p>It helps in better recall through spaced learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of chunking in the context of memory?

    <p>Grouping information into smaller, manageable pieces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes retrieval?

    <p>Accessing stored information generally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does elaborative interrogation encourage learners to do?

    <p>Generate explanations for stated facts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of curriculum refers to the actual implementation of curated knowledge?

    <p>Enacted Curriculum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes declarative knowledge?

    <p>Knowledge about concepts and facts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spacing effect in learning?

    <p>Learning that is spread over time to enhance memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Thorndike's law of disuse propose?

    <p>Memory traces decay if not reinforced over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT part of user-centered design for learning environments?

    <p>Harmful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of drawing ideas in the classroom design process?

    <p>To enhance understanding through visuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of classroom design, what is the main distinction between synchronous and asynchronous spaces?

    <p>Synchronous spaces involve real-time interaction whereas asynchronous spaces extend time for learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mindset is emphasized in constructivism regarding how learners perceive information?

    <p>Our understanding is influenced by existing knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method does NOT facilitate effective brainstorming in classroom design?

    <p>Speaking to explain each idea as it is created</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the flipped classroom model, where is content primarily delivered?

    <p>At home before attending class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by monological interactions in a classroom setting?

    <p>The teacher dominates the conversation while students remain passive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in expanding on one's best idea during the brainstorming process?

    <p>Turn the paper over to further develop the visual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of universal design in learning environments?

    <p>Ensuring equitable access to the learning process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the spiral curriculum utilize Bloom's taxonomy?

    <p>By incorporating elements for cognitive skill progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is teaching a growth mindset not suited to the hidden curriculum?

    <p>It should be taught explicitly due to its importance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes teacher expectancy's impact on learning?

    <p>It has a significant influence on student outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Universal design principles primarily emphasize which aspect of learning?

    <p>Multiple means of representation and engagement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the spiral curriculum?

    <p>Revisiting topics with increasing complexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should growth mindset principles be integrated into education?

    <p>Explicitly as part of the direct curriculum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between a growth mindset and neuroplasticity?

    <p>A growth mindset enhances the principles of neuroplasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does teacher expectancy theory improve student learning?

    <p>Through creating warmer interactions and more time spent on students</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between discovery learning and triangulation of assessment?

    <p>Discovery learning does not affect triangulation and may enhance it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key elements are essential for achieving flow in learning activities?

    <p>Clear goals, timely feedback, and appropriate challenge levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects the concept of gestalt in learning?

    <p>Gestalt focuses on understanding patterns and wholes in various types of knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does backward design focus on in the context of education?

    <p>Identifying desired outcomes and planning learning experiences accordingly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is trust considered important in the educational context?

    <p>It enhances school connectedness and supports cognitive apprenticeship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about direct instruction?

    <p>It assumes all students learn at the same rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can discovery learning contribute to student assessment?

    <p>It allows for comprehensive evaluations through varied methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Defined

    • Learning is a change in behaviour or understanding that lasts over time due to experience.

    Novice vs Experts

    • Cognition: Change between states of knowledge
      • Novices notice patterns and information related to a topic.
      • Novices have integrated knowledge (not isolated facts) about a subject.
      • Novices use relevant knowledge efficiently in familiar situations.
      • Experts are usually not able to teach others about the topic.
    • Behaviour: Change in rate or frequency of behaviour
      • Beginners notice features and meaningful information.
      • Beginners possess familiarity with the topic.
      • Beginners integrate knowledge into useful application (not just isolated facts).
      • Beginners effectively retrieve relevant information with little effort.
      • Beginners apply the learned knowledge/understanding in familiar, as well as new situations.

    Lecture 2: Engagement

    • There are three types of engagement:
      • Behavioural
      • Emotional
      • Cognitive

    Levels Of Engagement

    • Authentic Engagement: Embracing expectations, outcomes, and activities as personally beneficial. Desire to exceed requirements, pride in work.
    • Ritual Engagement: Adhering to demands and expectations; little perceived value/significance in the material or task.
    • Passive Engagement: Completing the minimum task; avoids negative attention and ensures acceptable results. Little attention to detail.
    • Retreatant Engagement: Non-compliance with procedures/expectations; minimal effort; disinterest in curricular goals.
    • Rebellious Engagement: Challenging rules/pedagogy and seeking alternatives such as cheating.

    Types Of Motivation

    • Extrinsic Motivation: Motivation to gain a reward or avoid a punishment. -Limits of Extrinsic Motivation: Reinforcement loses effectiveness as the learner becomes accustomed to the task.

    Unsustainable

    • Futile: paid group stopped solving puzzles after the experiment ended.

    Intrinsic Motivation

    • Intrinsic learners initiate and guide their own learning.
    • The inherent satisfaction of doing an activity, rather than the consequence.

    Types Of Reinforcement

    • Positive Reinforcement: Behaviour is repeated because something desirable is added.
    • Negative Reinforcement: Behaviour is repeated because something undesirable or unpleasant is removed.

    Operant Conditioning

    • Operant Conditioning: Learning method using rewards and punishments to modify behaviors

    • Positive Punishment: Something undesirable is added to decrease the likelihood of a behaviour.

    • Negative Punishment: Something desirable is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behaviour.

    • Positive Reinforcement: Something desirable is added to increase the likelihood of a behaviour.

    • Negative Reinforcement: Something undesirable is removed to increase the likelihood of a behaviour.

    Flow

    • Flow requires activities with clear goals, timely feedback, and a balance between challenge and skill.

    Self-Efficacy Theory

    • Not too much or too little, but slightly above true capacity. People are motivated by beliefs in their ability to reach a specific goal.

    Encoding

    • Encoding is the act of getting information into the memory system through automatic or effortful processing.

    Cognitive Overload

    • Cognitive overload occurs when the information or demands on working memory exceed the capacity of the brain to process.

    Schemas

    • Schemas are categories of knowledge that help interpret and understand the world.
    • Schema affects memory through guiding attention and interpreting new information by providing relevant prior knowledge.

    Forgetting Curve

    • Most forgetting happens within an hour.

    Mnemonics

    • Mnemonics are memory aids that help make material more accessible and meaningful.

    The Method Of Loci

    • The Method of Loci is a memory strategy using mental visualization to recall information.

    Law Of Exercise

    • Practice strengthens responses and strengthens connections, while lack of practice weakens connections.

    Intermittent Practice

    • Intermittent practice involves repeating lessons or topics in short, temporary periods.

    Massed and Spaced

    • Spacing effect: Information spaced over time is recalled more effectively.
    • This applies to different settings and disciplines.

    Curriculum Definition

    • Curriculum is the set of subjects that students learn, intended learning outcomes that the school is responsible for, as well as the totality of learning experiences.
    • Curriculum covers general skills and knowledge.

    Types Of Curriculum

    • Planned Curriculum: Intended goals, guidelines, objectives.
    • Enacted Curriculum: Implementation of knowledge.
    • Learned Curriculum: Interaction with content.

    Types of Knowledge

    • Declarative Knowledge: Knowing about something. Includes facts and concepts.
    • Procedural Knowledge: Knowing how to do something. Includes skills, procedures, and strategies.
    • Conditional Knowledge: Knowing when to use knowledge. Includes rules, consequences, and expectations.

    Purpose Of Curriculum

    • Perennialism: Focuses on certain enduring truths and lasting knowledge.

    Essentialism

    • Focuses on practical skills and knowledge beneficial for daily life.

    Progressivism

    • Focuses on engaging and interesting content.

    Hidden Curriculum

    • The implicit curriculum taught in schools, including values, behaviors, and lessons that are sometimes not taught explicitly.
    • Lessons, values, and behaviors often not explicitly taught.

    Null Curriculum

    • Objectives or skills not taught, either intentionally or unintentionally.

    Assessment

    • Assessment gathers evidence of student learning. -Focuses on what students know/can do, as well as difficulty areas. -Helps teachers identify strengths and weaknesses to provide personalized feedback.
    • Evaluation assigns a value to student learning.
      -Focuses on making a judgement on the effectiveness of a program or individual's performance. -It helps to provide support and inform strategic decisions/policy development.

    Assessment vs Evaluation

    • Assessment evaluates student learning outcomes.
    • Evaluation assesses effectiveness of a program or individual's performance.

    Norm-referenced Assessment

    • Focuses on comparisons among students.
    • Uses the bell curve.

    Criterion-referenced Assessment

    • Focuses on judging against specific criteria.

    Backward Design

    • Curriculum: Identifying desired results.
    • Assessment: Determining evidence for acceptable results.
    • Instruction: Planning curriculum and instruction

    Sequencing

    • Sequencing: The process of organizing information in a logical order.

    Direct Instruction

    • Transmissive instruction of knowledge to learners; minimal learner participation.

    Elaboration Theory

    • Moving from simple to complex learning

    Scaffolding

    • Providing support while students learn new concepts.

    Zone Of Proximal Development

    • Students must step outside their comfort zone, risk and step into the learning anxiety zone to gain confidence.

    Bloom's Taxonomy

    • Bloom's Taxonomy: Hierarchical model of cognitive complexity.

    Spiral Curriculum

    • Revisiting topics with increasing complexity.

    Discovery Learning

    • Students construct meaning, integrating prior knowledge and experience, and using dialogical learning.

    Mastery Learning

    • Focus on mastering content before moving on..
    • Achieving a critical level of knowledge or competency before progressing.

    Maslow Over Bloom

    • Self actualization - the desire to become the best version of oneself.
    • Other needs must be met before self actualization can be addressed.

    School Connectedness

    • Extent of student acceptance, value, and support.

    Universal Design

    • Materials must be useful and easily accessible to everyone.
    • Principles: Different ways of representation, engagement, and expression.

    Educational Architecture

    • The physical environment shapes students and vice versa.

    Space Impacts

    • Space impacts curriculum attainment, engagement, attendance, and well-being.

    User Centered Design

    • Learner-centered designs, focus on the learners and use safe and functional materials in a psychologically appealing environment.

    One Idea In 5 Minutes:

    • Visual brainstorming to foster creativity.

    Vertical Non-permanent Surfaces

    • One marker per group to avoid disruption/noise.
    • Teamwork/Collaboration.

    Asynchronous/Synchronous Learning Spaces

    • Asynchronous learning spaces allow for flexibility and access during any time.

    Constructivism

    • New information is adapted to existing schemas.

    Monological Interactions

    • Teacher-centered conversation.

    Dialogical Learning

    • An answer that generates a new question.

    Initiation-Response-Feedback

    • Teacher initiates a question; students respond, reflecting on the topic and knowledge learned
    • Teacher follows up with questions, fostering dialogue and understanding.

    Fixed and Growth Mindset

    • Growth Mindset: Ability improves with effort.
    • Fixed Mindset: Abilities are inborn traits.

    Neuroplasticity

    • The brain’s ability to change and adapt.

    Heutagogy

    • Self-determined learning, building on andragogy and pedagogy, focusing on the learner's initiative.

    Double Loop Learning

    • Deep analysis of assumptions, beliefs, and goals.
    • Change in methods to improve results.

    Holistic Processing

    • Processing information as a whole, recognizing patterns.

    Unlearning

    • The conscious effort to revise thought patterns, beliefs, and knowledge previously held as true.

    SMART Goals

    • Goals that are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-based.

    Expectancy Value Theory

    • Motivation depends on perceived success probability and value of the task.
    • Students are more motivated by tasks perceived as valuable and possessing the potential for success.

    Self-Determination Theory

    • Motivation fostered by feelings of competence, relatedness, and autonomy.

    Diagnostic Assessment

    • Norm-referenced assessment that compares a student's work to other students.
    • Criterion-referenced assessment that evaluates students' performance against established criteria.

    Generative AI

    • Potentially suitable for mastery learning, as AI can provide tailored, personalized instruction.

    Mastery learning

    • Students achieve a high level of competence or proficiency in a topic before moving on to the next topic.

    Spiral curriculum

    • Revisits topics with increasing complexity over time.

    Flow

    • The feeling of being immersed in and focused on a task, often with clarity of goals, positive feedback, and a balance of challenge and skill.

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    Description

    This quiz delves into key concepts from Education Psychology, focusing on motivation, assessment, and the implications of curriculum. It covers theories related to intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, and various assessment methods in educational settings. Test your understanding of these essential educational psychology topics!

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