Education Foundations Perspective-16-1900
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary reason few slave owners supported education for their slaves?

  • They did not see the benefit of education in the work their slaves were expected to do (correct)
  • They thought education would make their slaves more difficult to manage
  • They believed education would make their slaves unhappy with their work
  • They believed education would lead to slave revolts

    • What was the goal of establishing an Indian College at Harvard in 1653?

  • To educate Native Americans in European customs and traditions (correct)
  • To convert Native Americans to Christianity
  • To segregate Native Americans from European settlers
  • To educate European settlers about Native American culture

    • What was the main issue with the diverse colonial educational set-ups in the new American Republic?

  • They were not producing an educated electorate
  • They were not producing a national identity
  • They were not providing an environment of equality
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What was Benjamin Rush's view on the purpose of public education?

    <p>To control the selfish impulses of the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the formation of common schools?

    <p>The recognition of the importance of universal primary education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did some businessmen oppose public education?

    <p>They believed education would take away their child workforce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main motivation for the middle class to support public education?

    <p>To maintain their social and economic position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to increased support for public education in the early 1800s?

    <p>The economy shifting from barter to cash-based</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of granting universal voting rights to all males, regardless of class?

    <p>Free public education began to take shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason the working class saw education as important?

    <p>To secure better job opportunities for their children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a requirement for towns with 50 or more households according to the 2nd law?

    <p>To hire an individual to teach children to read and write</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main theme of Benjamin Franklin's Proposals Related to the Education of Youth in Pennsylvania?

    <p>Secular and utilitarian education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of children living in northern states were regularly attending school by 1860?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Thomas Jefferson's proposal for education in Virginia?

    <p>Free education for all children for the first three years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main contribution of Horace Mann to the field of education?

    <p>Enforcing pedagogy statewide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of the curriculum in the Latin Grammar School?

    <p>Teaching of Latin and Greek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose of the Morrill Act?

    <p>To provide financial support for agricultural and mechanical education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was characteristic of education in the Middle Colonies?

    <p>Diverse and reflected the region's religious and cultural differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary concern of Americans during the modernization of America's development?

    <p>Urbanization and immigration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was unique about the education system in the South?

    <p>Education took place at home, on the plantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the social class of the teachers in the South?

    <p>Poor second sons, indentured servants, convicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the Federal Education Agency?

    <p>It lost its departmental status and was reorganized into a bureau of education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the education like for females in the South?

    <p>Included dancing, music, and social graces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason behind the passage of compulsory school attendance laws?

    <p>Fear of uncontrolled children in cities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the literacy rate among the black population on the eve of the American Revolution?

    <p>Very low, few members could read or write</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many states had passed compulsory school attendance laws by 1890?

    <p>27 states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary concern of the rich planter class in the South?

    <p>Dominance of society and education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the charity schools in New York?

    <p>To teach reading, writing, sums, and church lessons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of the common school movement?

    <p>To make education free and accessible to all</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason farmers in the countryside wanted education for their children?

    <p>To become future agriculturalists and leaders of their communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Horace Mann's view on corporal punishment in schools?

    <p>It was worse than useless and counterproductive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Horace Mann's occupation before becoming the Secretary of the Mass. Board of Education?

    <p>Lawyer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the University of Missouri?

    <p>It was a land grant university</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of Horace Mann's education reform?

    <p>Child-centered learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the name given to Horace Mann due to his contributions to education?

    <p>The Father of the Common School</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main ideology influencing Horace Mann's education reforms?

    <p>Protestant Republicanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason women became the dominant force in teaching during the 19th century?

    <p>They worked for lower salaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did industrialists support Horace Mann's education reforms?

    <p>To get better workers for their factories and businesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of the 'Protestant Ethic' taught in public schools?

    <p>Industry, punctuality, sobriety, and frugality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the 'normal schools' that emerged in the 19th century?

    <p>To train women as teachers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main benefit of attending common schools, according to Horace Mann?

    <p>To prevent a division of the classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the wealthy not initially support Horace Mann's education reforms?

    <p>They preferred private schools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did many women become teachers in the 19th century?

    <p>It was seen as a respectable occupation for women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was at the heart of the common school curriculum, according to Horace Mann?

    <p>Moral education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reaction of working-class families to compulsory attendance laws?

    <p>They were concerned about the loss of wage earners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a characteristic of the traditional approach to teaching reading?

    <p>Phonics-based instruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Horace Mann try to appeal to the poor and working class?

    <p>To get their support for education reforms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of the feminization of teaching on the profession?

    <p>It improved the teaching force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Horace Mann believe was the great equalizer of the conditions of men?

    <p>Education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common belief about women and their role in education?

    <p>Women were innately nurturing and caring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dialectic method in philosophy?

    <p>A process of posing questions and offering answers to lead to more questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do educators examine the 'what is' in the sociology of education?

    <p>To analyze the effects of education on students' life chances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggered the two fundamental educational transitions in America?

    <p>Dramatic changes in social, political, and economic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of education in the Colonial Era?

    <p>To maintain the ruling class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern of the politics of education?

    <p>How democratic are our schools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the philosophy of education?

    <p>To envision the type of teachers we want to be and the type of schools that ought to exist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Old Deluder Laws of 1642-47 do?

    <p>Chastised parents for not attending to their children's education and fined them for their children's behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of political science in understanding education?

    <p>To help educators understand power relations and interest groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do educators reflect on their practice and decisions?

    <p>To understand how their decisions are shaped by human experiences and cultural influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of the history of education?

    <p>It highlights the criticisms and judgments faced by teachers throughout history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary mission of schools during the Progressive Era?

    <p>To maintain moral, political, and economic order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the goal of the common school curriculum?

    <p>To develop students into good citizens with American values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of education during the Progressive Era?

    <p>Economic betterment and social mobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main goal of pedagogical progressives like John Dewey?

    <p>To promote social justice and democratic values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was John Dewey's approach to education?

    <p>Organizing schools like social institutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of John Dewey's laboratory school?

    <p>To test educational principles and focus on children's potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Progressive Era's educational reform?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of John Dewey's curriculum?

    <p>Child-oriented curriculum aligned with social and occupational experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Progressive Era in education?

    <p>Shift from moral virtue to economic betterment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of teachers in John Dewey's educational approach?

    <p>Facilitators of child-centered learning experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of the progressive approach to moral education?

    <p>To promote independent thinking and appreciation of diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a potential disadvantage of the progressive approach to moral education?

    <p>It was bewildering and disorienting for some students</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the progressive approach to moral education view parental authority?

    <p>It weakened parental authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a characteristic of students who were more susceptible to the drawbacks of the progressive approach to moral education?

    <p>They were emotionally immature and troubled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a benefit of the progressive approach to moral education?

    <p>It promoted a greater appreciation of diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was true of the adoption of the progressive approach to moral education by educators during this period?

    <p>Many schools kept the virtue-centered approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three things that understanding the context of education can help preservice teachers do?

    <p>Better understand schools, understand how schools relate to other aspects of society, and understand how educational problems are related to larger problems within society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the Foundations Perspective in education?

    <p>To provide a framework for understanding educational problems in relation to larger societal problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four perspectives that make up the Foundations of Education?

    <p>Historical, Philosophical, Political, and Sociological</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Christopher Lasch, what is the significance of understanding the past in education?

    <p>It helps us understand the complexities of the present and envision a better future</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the argument against the value of philosophy in education?

    <p>It is an elite discipline that has little practical value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of the Historical Perspective in education?

    <p>It gives us a grasp of our heritage and allows us to envision a better future</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Foundations Perspective in education?

    <p>It provides a framework for understanding educational problems in relation to larger societal problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main problem that led to the need for a new system in urban schools?

    <p>Growing enrollment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main principle behind the organization of the new schools?

    <p>Age grading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the uniformed courses of study?

    <p>To provide a set of standards for each grade level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of examinations in the new urban school course?

    <p>They were used to evaluate students</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was expected of students in terms of behavior?

    <p>Punctuality, regularity, obedience, silence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of the superintendent?

    <p>To oversee the entire school system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the debate about in terms of gender separation?

    <p>Whether to mix genders in schools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was an argument in favor of coeducation?

    <p>It was healthier psychologically and for sexual development of both sexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the emerging bureaucracies in schools?

    <p>Socialization of students into the authoritarian order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the goals of the school system?

    <p>To standardize the school population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did John Dewey believe was the primary means of incubating the democratic way of life?

    <p>Schools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Dewey, what is essential for a democratic society to succeed?

    <p>Education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Ella Flagg Young's main concern about the curriculum in schools?

    <p>It lacked connection between subjects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method of teaching did Ella Flagg Young support?

    <p>Object teaching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of John Dewey's approach to moral education?

    <p>Civic approach to moral education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the consequence of rapid industrialization on American society, according to Dewey?

    <p>Loss of understanding of interdependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Progressive moral education aim to achieve?

    <p>Solving social problems through scientific reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the legacy of Progressive moral education?

    <p>Students were more flexible in their approach to social problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Ella Flagg Young's view on the role of teachers in the educational system?

    <p>Teachers were dignified and important</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did John Dewey believe was the primary institution of social reform?

    <p>Schools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Understanding Education: The Foundations Perspective

    • The Foundations Perspective provides a framework for understanding education and its relationship to society.
    • It is comprised of four parts: Historical, Philosophical, Political, and Sociological.
    • These four perspectives are interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary, and are used to answer questions and address issues in education.

    Historical Perspective

    • The history of teaching in America is a history of highs and lows.
    • Throughout American history, criticism and judgment have been intertwined with the profession of teaching.
    • There have been two fundamental educational transitions in American history, each occurring at the beginning of a new century.
    • The first transition occurred in the Colonial Era, where education was primarily for the rich and was seen as a way to maintain the ruling class.
    • The Puritans in New England attempted to formalize instruction, and in 1642, they passed the Old Deluder Laws, which fined parents for not teaching their children to read and understand religious and capital laws.

    Philosophical Perspective

    • The philosophical perspective argues that education is shaped by practice rather than theory.
    • However, it also acknowledges that teachers' decisions and actions are shaped by their own cultural experiences and values.
    • The dialectic method is used to resolve issues in philosophy, which involves posing questions and offering answers that lead to more questions.
    • Reflecting on one's own practice and values can help teachers to understand what they believe should be the purpose of education.

    Political Perspective

    • The political perspective examines the power relations and interest groups within schools and their impact on educational decisions.
    • Decisions regarding education are often the result of battles between various interest groups.
    • Key questions in the political perspective of education include:
      • How democratic are our schools?
      • How do educational interest groups arrive at policy?
      • Which groups have the power to shape educational decisions for their own benefit?

    Sociological Perspective

    • The sociological perspective emerged in response to industrialization and urbanization, and examines the relationship between school and society.
    • It studies how students are socialized for adult status and analyzes the effects of education on students' life chances.
    • Sociologists of education focus on the "what is" rather than the "what ought to be."

    The Rise of the Common School

    • The common school movement emerged in the early 1800s as a response to the diverse colonial educational systems.
    • The movement was driven by the desire for universal primary education and the need to create a national identity.
    • Key figures in the movement included Benjamin Rush, who believed that education could control the innate selfishness of the individual, and Horace Mann, who advocated for a child-centered approach to education.

    Common School Curriculum

    • At the heart of the common school curriculum was moral education.
    • Horace Mann believed that moral improvement was essential to heal the social and economic divisions caused by the industrial revolution.
    • The curriculum emphasized middle-class morality, respect for order, and the importance of punctuality, sobriety, and frugality.
    • Mann was against corporal punishment and advocated for a child-centered approach to education.

    Feminization of Teaching

    • The feminization of teaching occurred in the 1830s, as women began to enter the field in increasing numbers.

    • Factors contributing to this trend included the fact that women teachers cost less than their male counterparts and the increasing number of young women looking for jobs in cities.

    • By the mid-1800s, women had become the dominant force in the teaching profession.### Teaching as a Respectable Employment for Women

    • During the early 1800s, teaching was considered a respectable employment opportunity for women, aligning with the common belief that women were innately nurturing.

    • Women usually worked in their late teens and considered it temporary work until they married.

    • Many women who became teachers were trained at new "normal schools" that exclusively accepted female students.

    Normal Schools and Teacher Training

    • Normal schools trained individuals to become teachers, and states from Massachusetts to Kentucky began to open these schools.
    • The curriculum featured theories of learning, child development, pedagogy, and a common school subject matter.

    The Common School Movement

    • The common school movement revolutionized public education, with 70% of children in northern states attending school regularly by 1860.
    • In the South, the numbers were lower due to the dominance of the rich planter class and the lack of a middle class and working class to push for reforms.

    Horace Mann's Contribution to Education

    • Horace Mann contributed to the field of education by trying to enforce pedagogy statewide and promoting the involvement of the state in educational affairs.

    The Modernization of America's Education (1865-1890)

    • The period saw a nationalizing trend, with the creation of a more powerful national government and increasing urbanization.
    • The Morrill Act provided financial support for agricultural and mechanical education, and the Federal Education Agency was established to gather educational data.
    • Compulsory school attendance laws were passed, and the "One Best System" was developed to handle the growing enrollment.

    The "One Best System"

    • The system was organized on the principle of age grading, with students grouped into classes according to age and presumed abilities.
    • Uniformed courses of study were introduced, with each grade specified in what subjects would be taught.
    • Examinations were essential to the new urban school course, providing immediate evidence of student achievement or failure.

    Gender in the New System

    • The debate on coeducation was ongoing, with some arguing that it was healthier psychologically and better for school discipline.
    • Coeducation was advanced by the developing dominance of women as classroom teachers during this time.

    Educational Reform in the Progressive Era (1890-1915)

    • The progressive era saw changes in American social, political, and economic life, producing enormous enrollment increases in public schools.
    • The goal of education shifted from moral virtue to economic betterment, with the focus on developing students to the fullest of their abilities.
    • Compulsory educational laws were passed, and coeducation was debated.

    Pedagogical Progressives

    • Social justice was a goal of many pedagogical progressives, who felt that school reform should be used to achieve that justice.
    • John Dewey and Ella Flagg Young were two prominent pedagogical progressives.
    • Dewey believed in child-oriented curriculum, focusing on real-life occupational and democratic experiences.
    • Young believed in the importance of teachers, object teaching, and manual training.

    The Progressive Approach to Moral Education

    • Progressives questioned the nature of moral education, arguing that traditional moral codes were obsolete.
    • Dewey emphasized the importance of developing social intelligence in the service of social interest and aims.
    • Progressive moral education emphasized solving social problems based on scientific reasoning in a democratic context.
    • The approach had benefits, such as promoting flexibility and independence, but also had drawbacks, such as leaving students vulnerable to peer influence and contemporary fads.

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