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Questions and Answers
What are the activities included in the curriculum of traditional education?
At what age does childhood education typically cover according to the text?
six to twelve
Traditional education is known for being too rigid and lacking critical examination.
True
What is the purpose of Foundation in a structure? Foundation is the structure that transmits the leads of the building to the __________.
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Western education in Nigeria was introduced by ______________ missionaries and colonial masters.
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Which of the following are forms of Education? (Select all that apply)
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What are the three main aspects of Modern philosophy mentioned in the context of traditional education in Nigeria?
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Traditional education in Nigeria refers to the system of education that existed after the advent of Western education.
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Match the aims of Traditional Education with their descriptions:
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What were some problems identified in the operation of early mission schools?
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What were some contributions of the early missions to education in Nigeria?
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Define Islamic Education.
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What is the major aim of Islamic education?
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What are some features of the firm establishment of Islam in Kano?
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When did Western education start in Nigeria?
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Which categories of Quranic schools are mentioned in the text?
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The 1887 Education Ordinance was enacted by the governor of Lagos colony, Cornelius Alred Moloney.
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The Yaba Higher College was established in __________.
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Match the following education commissions with their objectives:
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Who are considered the three founding fathers of sociology of Education?
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What is the area of social relationships that the Sociology of Education focuses on?
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Society can be defined as the system or organization of mutual relationships between human beings.
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Status is the position occupied by an individual in a __________.
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Match the types of family with their descriptions:
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According to Oroka 1980, what are the three assumptions?
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What is the oldest known philosophy?
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Who pioneered Gestalt Psychology?
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Learning is a psychological process that results from specific experiences, observation, or training.
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___ is the process by which we interpret and understand information from our environment.
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What is the purpose of educational evaluation in teaching and learning?
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What does formative evaluation provide information about?
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Evaluation occurs only at the end of a program.
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______ evaluation is undertaken at intervals within an instructional program to identify learners' difficulties.
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Match the following types of evaluation with their descriptions:
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_______ is the position of an individual?
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The expected behavior from an individual in society is called ______?
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A collection of individuals united by a certain relation is ______?
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The act of carrying out actions or responsibilities on behalf of other members of society is ______?
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How many agencies does social control have?
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____ consist of two or more people who interact with each other in a patterned way?
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Social structure is the ____ of interaction in a social group?
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What are the types of social groups?
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The institution in a society that works to socialize the group of people in it is ______?
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How many agents of socialization are there?
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Study Notes
Foundations of Education
- Definition of Foundation: a structure that transmits the leads of a building to the soil, and in education, it refers to the broadly conceived field of education study derived from various academic disciplines.
- Education: a form of learning that transfers knowledge, skills, and habits from one generation to the next through teaching, training, or research, preparing individuals to face everyday life.
Types of Education
- Formal Education: received in a regular formal school setting, with a well-determined setting, curriculum, and planned educative processes.
- Informal Education: includes all other agencies of learning outside the formal learning system, such as home, church, peer groups, and mass media.
- Non-Formal Education: has some basic characteristics of formal education, but is not part of the regular school system, such as workshops, seminars, and correspondence courses.
Traditional Education in Nigeria
- Definition: the system of education that prevailed in most African societies before the advent of Western or Islamic education.
- Goals and Aims:
- Preserve cultural heritage
- Adapt members to their physical environment
- Explain the importance of understanding and perpetuating institutions, laws, language, and values inherited from the past
- Prepare and equip children with required knowledge, skills, and beliefs for adult life
- Inculcate a sense of belonging and discipline
- Characteristics:
- Collective and social activity
- Multi-dimensional in character
- Planned in gradual and progressive steps
- Relies on informal instruction
- Limited specialized training
- Depends on oral tradition
- Practical and general towards specific situations
- Religion, ethics, and education are interwoven
- Conservative and opposed to change
- Lifelong process
Contents of Traditional Education
- Activities on character building
- Physical training
- Arts and crafts
- Intellectual training
- Study of facts about natural environments
- Historical knowledge including stories about gods, traditions, and legends
Method of Teaching
- Indoctrination
- Social ceremonies
- Reward and punishment
- Imitation
- Play
- Oral literature
- Instruction
Stages of Education Development
- Infancy (0-5 years): education starts at birth, with mothers and fathers as the first teachers
- Childhood (6-12 years): education is mainly through play, imitation, observation, and participation
- Adolescence (12 years and above): education is done through folklores, riddles, proverbs, myths, legends, imitation, participation, social ceremonies, and so on
- Adulthood: education is a continuous and endless process, receiving education from parents, parent-in-laws, and elders in the community
Advantages of Traditional Education
- Makes everybody a functional member of society
- Inculcates discipline
- Unites every member of society
- Provides physical, mental, social, moral, and spiritual growth
- Is adapted to the needs of society
- Gives opportunity for education according to ability and talent
Disadvantages of Traditional Education
- Too rigid and conservative
- Lacks critical examination
- Full of dos and don’ts, fears, and threats
- Limited scope in terms of content and curriculum
- Mainly informal, limiting the span of knowledge
- Lacks well-defined structure, duration, or time
- Uniform standard varies from teacher to teacher or community to community
Western Education in Nigeria
- Introduced by Christian missionaries and colonial masters, mainly from Britain, Europe, America, and Portugal
- Aimed to convert pagans to Christianity and teach them how to read, write, and do simple calculations
- Historical development:
- 1472: Portuguese merchants visited Lagos and Benin
- 1485: Portuguese started trading activities with the people of Benin
- 1515: Catholic missionaries established a primary school in the Oba’s palace
- 1842: Wesleyan Methodist Society sent Rev. Thomas Birch Freeman to Badagry, Lagos, marking the beginning of Western education in Nigeria### Early Christian Missionaries in Nigeria
- The Church Missionary Society (CMS) represented by Rev. Henry Townsend arrived in Badagry in 1842 to establish a mission in Nigeria.
- They established a church, school, and mission house in Badagry.
- The school started in 1842 with 52 adult students.
Expansion of Missionaries
- The CMS moved to Abeokuta in 1846 and established two schools, one for boys and one for girls.
- Samuel Ajayi Crowther supervised the girls' school.
- The Presbyterian mission arrived in Calabar in 1846 and established a station.
- The Southern Baptist Convention from America opened a school at Ijaye in 1853.
- The Baptist mission established a school at Ogbomoso in 1855 and the first Baptist school in Lagos in 1855.
- The Roman Catholic mission arrived in 1868 and established its first school.
Early Mission Schools
- The early mission schools were established in church premises.
- Each Christian denomination was actively involved in the establishment of their own churches and schools.
- The missions used education as a means of converting Nigerians to their various denominations.
- The major aim of the early Christian missionaries was to convert Nigeria to Christianity through education.
Problems of Early Mission Schools
- Lack of central school laws leading to non-uniform standards for running schools.
- No standard qualifications for teachers.
- No checks on the movement of teachers and pupils, leading to irregular attendance.
- The focus of the school was on religion.
- There was an acute shortage of funds, which affected the availability of qualified teachers.
- There were no trained teachers, and no training colleges.
- There was a lack of common syllabus and no standard textbooks.
- The school lacked adequate supervision, teaching and learning materials, and facilities.
- There was no regulated standard examination for all the schools.
Contributions of Early Missions
- They laid the foundation for Western education in Nigeria.
- They introduced the English language, which became the nation's official language of communication.
- They produced the first written words in local languages.
- They helped eradicate negative practices in Nigeria, such as human sacrifices and the Osu caste system.
Islamic Education in Nigeria
- Islamic education is a process of handing over the values of the Holy Quran and the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) from one generation to another.
- Islamic education aims to produce Allah's representatives who will do good to mankind on earth.
- The content of Islamic education is designed to jealously preserve the Quran and urge Muslims to adhere strictly to the tenets of the religion.
- Islamic education covers areas of study in economics, social sciences, medicine, pure science, arts, and soon.
History of Islamic Education in Nigeria
- Islamic education came to Nigeria with the spread of Islam in the 11th century.
- Islam was introduced to Nigeria through the ancient Kanem Borno Empire.
- By the end of the 13th century, Kanem had become a center of Islamic education.
- The jihad of Uthman Dan Fodio in the 19th century helped to revive, spread, and consolidate Islamic studies and extend access to education to women.
Quranic System of Education in Nigeria
- Quranic schools originally started in the premises of mosques.
- The school later began to operate in the respective teacher's house.
- The class varies in size from 10 to as many as 40 or 50 pupils.
- There are four categories of Quranic schools in Nigeria.
Education in Pre-Independence Nigeria
- Western education started in Nigeria in 1842 with the coming of the Christian missionaries.
- The colonial government showed little interest in educational development between 1842-1882.
- The 1882 Education Ordinance marked the beginning of the colonial government's involvement in educational activities.### Education Ordinances
- 1882 Education Ordinance:
- Established a General Board of Education
- Outlined duties and powers of the board
- Classified schools into government and private
- Ensured freedom of religion
- Provided grants and grants-in-aid
- Appointed inspectors of schools
- Gave special grants to industrial schools
- Allowed admission of indigent children
- Provided grants to teacher training institutions
- Defined school curriculum
- 1887 Education Ordinance:
- Constituted a board of education with the governor, legislative council, inspector of schools, and four governor nominees
- Provided grant-in-aid to teacher training institutions
- Introduced certificate of teachers
- Safeguarded religious and racial freedom
- Appointed inspectors of schools and education officers
- Set rates and conditions for granting grant-in-aid to infant schools
- Established term of operation for the board
- Established scholarships for secondary and technical education
- Gave power to the governor to open and maintain schools
- Allowed admission of indigent children to schools
- Established the principle of partnership in education
- Increased dual system of education
- Government maintained its own schools and assisted mission and voluntary agencies (private schools)
- Government encouraged technical schools and provided grants
- Provided scholarships for primary school leavers
Effects of the 1887 Ordinance
- Gradual expansion of school education
- Dr. Henry Carr, a Nigerian, was appointed sub-inspector in 1889, deputy inspector in 1891, and inspector in 1892
- First government school was established in 1899
1916 Education Ordinance
- Objectives:
- Training in character and habit
- Cooperation between government and mission
- Rural and urban education
- Increase in the number of literate Nigerians
- Government control over all schools (government and non-government schools)
Phelps Stokes Commission
- Established in 1920
- Financed by Phelps Stokes fund
- Initiated by American Baptist Foreign Missionary Society
- Published reports in 1922
- Objectives:
- Inquire into the educational work done presently
- Identify educational needs of the people in terms of religious, social, and economic conditions
- Determine where their needs are being met
- Report as appropriate
Achievements
- First true commission on education in Africa
- Thorough, accurate, and comprehensive in scope
- Led to the broadening of curriculum
- Led to the 1925 and 1926 education ordinances
1925 Memorandum on Education
- Set out principles on what the education system of the colonies should be based on
- Adopted the Phelps Stokes report on education
- Content:
- Establishment of an advisory board
- Adaptation of education to local conditions
- Use of vernacular
- Thorough supervision and inspection of schools
- Encouragement of women and girls' education
- Inclusion of religious and moral instructions into the curriculum
1926 Education Code
- Aimed to curb the development of mushroom schools
- Improved the quality of teachers
- Ensured cooperation between mission and voluntary agencies and communities
- Enforced registration of teachers before teaching
- Schools could open after government approval
- Board of education could close down schools
- Duties of directors and supervisors were spelled out
- Board of education was expanded
Yaba Higher College
- Established in 1932
- Students were admitted in 1932, but the school was not officially opened until 1934
- Housed temporarily at the King's College, Lagos
- Students were enrolled in medicine, agriculture, engineering, survey, forestry, veterinary medicine, and teacher training
- The college was reassembled in 1945 but was absorbed as the nucleus of the University College in Ibadan in 1947
Other Educational Developments
- University College Ibadan started in 1948 as a result of the recommendation of the Asquith and Elliot commission on higher education
- Free Education started in Western Nigeria by Chief Obafemi Awolowo of the Action Group in 1955
- Universal Primary Education (UPE) started in Western Nigeria in 1955, in Eastern Nigeria in February 1957, and in Northern Nigeria in 1958
- Ashby commission was set up in 1959 on post-primary and higher education
Basic Sociological Concepts
- Sociology: the study of human social relationships and institutions
- Founding fathers of sociology of education:
- John Dewey (1859-1952)
- Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)
- Karl Mannheim (1893-1947)
Area of Social Relationships
- Place of work (occupational/industrial sociology)
- Religious places (sociology of religion)
- School (sociology of education)
- Family (sociology of the family)
- Rural (rural sociology)
- Urban (urban sociology)
Sociological Concepts
- Society: a system or organization of mutual relationships between human beings, implicit in certain communities of the institution
- Culture: the total way of life of a society
- Status: the position occupied by an individual in a society
- Role: the expected behavior from an individual in a society
- Social action: any action carried out with reference to another person
- Social control: the process by which social behavior of people in a social group or society as a whole is regulated or conditioned
- Social group: consists of two or more people who interact with one another in a patterned way
- Socialization: the process of learning roles, values, norms, beliefs, rules, and regulations of a society
- Social institution: institutions in a society that work to socialize the group of people in it
- Value: a nice that something is good, important, worthwhile, desirable, and working for
Concepts of Philosophy
- Philosophy: the ultimate search for truth, reality, and existence
- Modes of philosophy:
- Speculative philosophy: a systematic search for order, coherence, totality, and wholeness of knowledge
- Prescriptive philosophy: seeks to establish standards by which we are to judge our conducts
- Analytic philosophy: focuses on words and meanings
- Branches of philosophy:
- Metaphysics: the study of things beyond the physical realm
- Epistemology: the theory of knowledge
- Logic: the study of ideal, methods, and techniques of reasoning
- Axiology: the theory of value
- Ethics: the study of right living
- Aesthetic: the study of beauty and harmony
- Schools of thought:
- Idealism: reality exists outside what we see, touch, hear, feel, or experience with human senses
- Realism: matters exist independent of the mind
- Naturalism: emphasizes the superiority of nature
- Humanism: accepts the values or dignity of man as a human person in every sense
- Pragmatism: emphasizes testing and workability of every idea
- Existentialism: man is born free and chooses his actions
- Reconstruction: believes that nature is in crisis, unreliable, deceptive, and needs to be reordered, reconstructed, and redirected through well-planned action
Psychological Concepts
- Psychology: the study of the behavior of organisms
- Schools of psychology:
- Structuralism: the first school of psychology
- Behaviorism: the oldest known philosophy
- Reconstruction: believes that nature is in crisis, unreliable, deceptive, and needs to be reordered, reconstructed, and redirected through well-planned action
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Description
A comprehensive study guide for EDU 112, covering the foundations of education. This guide is designed to help students understand the course and prepare for exams.
