Questions and Answers
What are the characteristics of living things? (Select all that apply)
Describe eukaryotic cells.
Complex large cell; contain nucleus; any mammal/insect cell.
Describe prokaryotic cells.
Small simple cell; no nucleus; floating DNA; Amoeba/Chlorella.
What is the structure of an animal cell?
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What is the structure of a plant cell?
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Describe the structure and feeding method of fungi.
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Describe the levels of organization.
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What is the function of the mitochondria?
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What is the function of ribosomes?
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What is the function of chloroplasts?
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What is the function of vacuoles?
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Define pathogen.
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Describe viruses.
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Describe bacteria.
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Define cell differentiation.
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What are the structure and elements in carbohydrates?
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What are the structure and elements in lipids?
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What are the structure and elements in proteins?
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How to test for starch?
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How to test for lipids?
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How to test for proteins?
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How to make a food sample?
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How to test for glucose?
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Describe the process of photosynthesis.
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What is the word and chemical equation for photosynthesis?
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What are the adaptations of a leaf?
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What do plants need mineral ions for?
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What is a plant's use for nitrates and deficiency symptoms?
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What is a plant's use for phosphates and deficiency symptoms?
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What is a plant's use for potassium and deficiency symptoms?
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What is a plant's use for magnesium and deficiency symptoms?
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What is the body's use for carbohydrates and found in?
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What is the body's use for lipids and found in?
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Study Notes
Characteristics of Living Things
- Essential characteristics: movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, excretion, nutrition, and control.
Eukaryotic Cells
- Complex and larger cell type.
- Contains a nucleus.
- Examples include any mammalian or insect cell.
Prokaryotic Cells
- Simple and smaller cell type.
- Lacks a nucleus; contains floating DNA.
- Examples include Amoeba and Chlorella.
Animal Cells
- Multicellular organisms; no cell wall.
- Store carbohydrates as glycogen.
- Found in any mammal or insect.
Plant Cells
- Have a cell wall, vacuole, and chloroplasts.
- Store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose.
- Common examples: beans and maize.
Fungi Structure and Nutrition
- Body composed of mycelium formed from hyphae (thread-like structures).
- Walls made from chitin.
- Nutrition obtained through saprotrophic means, releasing enzymes to break down food.
- Store carbohydrates as glycogen, with yeast as a typical example.
Levels of Organization
- Hierarchical structure includes: organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system.
Mitochondria Function
- Responsible for cellular respiration, providing energy.
Ribosomes Function
- Sites for protein synthesis within the cell.
Chloroplast Function
- Contains chlorophyll, essential for absorbing light energy in photosynthesis.
Vacuole Function
- Stores water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates; also provides structural support.
Pathogen Definition
- An organism that causes disease.
Viruses
- Small, non-cellular entities that reproduce within living cells.
- Composed of a protein coat and contain either DNA or RNA.
- An example includes HIV.
Bacteria
- Single-celled organisms without a nucleus.
- Contain circular chromosomes of DNA and plasmids (additional small DNA fragments).
- Example: Lactobacillus.
Cell Differentiation
- The process in which cells become specialized, adapting specific structures and functions.
Carbohydrates Composition
- Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Forms include starch and glycogen.
Lipids Composition
- Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Includes fatty acids and glycerol.
Proteins Composition
- Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
- Basic building blocks are amino acids.
Starch Test
- Iodine solution (orange) reacts with starch, turning brown/blue.
Lipid Test
- Sudan III added, shaken; red lipids layer floats on top.
Protein Test
- Biuret test: adding biuret solution changes color from blue to pink if proteins are present.
Food Sample Preparation
- Crush food in a pestle and mortar, mix with distilled water, and filter to remove solids.
Glucose Test
- Benedict's solution heated; blue changes to green-yellow-brick red if glucose is present.
Photosynthesis Process
- Light energy absorbed by chlorophyll, converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose, releasing oxygen.
Photosynthesis Equation
- Word equation: Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen.
- Chemical equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2.
Leaf Adaptations
- Large surface area for light absorption.
- Transparent upper epidermis allows light penetration.
- Palisade cells near the top contain most chloroplasts.
- Waxy cuticle prevents water loss.
Plant Mineral Ions
- Mineral ions are crucial for plant growth and healthy development.
Nitrates in Plants
- Supply nitrogen for amino acid and protein production, thus promoting growth.
- Deficiency symptoms: stunted growth and yellow leaves.
Phosphates in Plants
- Important for DNA, cell membranes, respiration, and growth.
- Deficiency symptoms include poor root growth and purple leaves.
Potassium's Role in Plants
- Vital for enzyme function in photosynthesis and respiration.
- Deficiency symptoms: poor flower/fruit growth and discolored leaves.
Magnesium in Plants
- Essential for chlorophyll production.
- Deficiency results in yellowing leaves.
Carbohydrates in the Body
- Primary energy source.
- Found in foods like pasta, rice, and sugar.
Lipids in the Body
- Serve various roles including energy, storage, and insulation.
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Prepare for your Edexcel IGCSE Biology exam with these flashcards covering essential topics such as characteristics of living things, eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. This quiz is designed to reinforce your understanding of biological concepts and definitions important for the exam. Test yourself and enhance your knowledge effectively!