Biology iGCSE Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is adrenaline?

Often very rapid, lasts for a short period.

What is diffusion?

When particles move from a region of higher concentration to a lower concentration as a result of their random movement until equilibrium is met.

Types of neurones include __________.

Motor neurones, Sensory neurones, Relay neurones.

What is osmosis?

<p>Net movement of water molecules from a region of high water potential to a low water potential region through a semi-permeable membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sensitivity in biological terms?

<p>The ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors affect diffusion? (Select all that apply)

<p>Surface area (A), Distance molecules have to travel (B), Concentration gradient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is turgidity?

<p>Swelling caused by osmosis, generally in plant cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is plasmolysis?

<p>When the cell's sap vacuole shrinks and becomes flaccid; when the cytoplasm shrinks back from the cell wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are enzymes?

<p>Catalysts that speed up chemical reactions but remain unchanged in the end. They are proteins that function as biological catalysts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does temperature affect enzymes?

<p>Temperature increase results in greater kinetic energy; the optimum temperature is when the maximum rate of reaction occurs; past the optimum, enzymes denature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does pH affect enzymes?

<p>Varies for different enzymes; can change the shape of the active site and denature it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are industrial uses of enzymes? (Select all that apply)

<p>Germination of barley seeds (B), Extraction of fruit juice (C), Industrial fermentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anaerobic formula for muscle?

<p>Glucose &gt; Lactic acid + Energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the aerobic formula for respiration?

<p>Glucose + Oxygen &gt; Energy + Carbon dioxide + Water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are solutions to coronary heart disease? (Select all that apply)

<p>Angioplasty (A), Bypass surgery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the elements found in proteins?

<p>Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the elements found in carbohydrates and fats?

<p>Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the elements in nucleic acids?

<p>Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a synapse?

<p>Junction between two neurones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an involuntary action? (Select all that apply)

<p>Automatic (A), Stimulus always leads to the same response (B), Fixed response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostasis?

<p>Maintenance of a constant internal environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a nerve impulse?

<p>An electrical signal that passes along nerve cells called neurones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is deamination?

<p>Removal of amino acids from urea; happens in the liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does protein digestion happen?

<p>Stomach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does insulin production happen?

<p>Pancreas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is most water reabsorbed?

<p>Jejunum (small intestine).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do antibodies provide protection from viruses and bacteria?

<p>They attach themselves to the virus or bacteria, stopping division and helping phagocytes engulf the virus or bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nutrients are absorbed by proteins?

<p>Amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nutrients are absorbed by carbohydrates?

<p>Glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nutrients are absorbed by lipase?

<p>Fatty acids and glycerol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are effects of adrenaline? (Select all that apply)

<p>Rate of breathing increases (B), Heart rate is faster (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is respiration?

<p>Release of energy from food substances, occurring in all living cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for respiration?

<p>Glucose + Oxygen &gt; Energy + Carbon dioxide + Water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ATP?

<p>Energy; Adenosine triphosphate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are hydrophytes?

<p>Aquatic plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are xerophytes?

<p>Desert plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is peristalsis movement?

<p>Responsible for the transportation of chime along the path of the small intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Adrenaline

A hormone that triggers a rapid response in the body, but its effects are short-lived.

Diffusion

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Motor Neurones

Neurones that transmit signals from the brain to muscles, enabling movement.

Sensory Neurones

Neurones that carry information from sensory receptors to the brain, allowing us to perceive the world.

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Relay Neurones

Neurones that connect motor and sensory neurones within the central nervous system, facilitating communication.

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Osmosis

The movement of water molecules from a region of high water potential to low water potential across a semi-permeable membrane.

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Sensitivity

The ability of an organism to detect and respond to changes in its environment, crucial for survival.

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Distance

The distance between the source and the destination; longer distances slow down diffusion.

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Concentration Gradient

The difference in concentration between two areas; a steeper gradient accelerates diffusion.

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Surface Area

The size of the area exposed to diffusion; larger areas allow for more movement.

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Temperature

The energy of molecules; higher temperature increases kinetic energy and therefore diffusion rate.

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Turgidity

The swelling of plant cells caused by water uptake via osmosis.

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Plasmolysis

The shrinking of a plant cell away from its cell wall due to water loss through osmosis.

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Enzymes

Biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions without being consumed or altered in the process.

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Effect of Temperature on Enzymes

Increased temperature provides more kinetic energy to enzyme molecules, enhancing reaction rate, but excessive heat can denature the enzyme.

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Effect of pH on Enzymes

pH levels can alter the shape of an enzyme, affecting its ability to function. Each enzyme has a specific optimal pH.

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Industrial Use of Enzymes

Enzymes are used in barley seed germination, juice extraction, vegetable softening, industrial fermentation, and biological detergents.

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Anaerobic Respiration

A process of energy production in the absence of oxygen; in muscles, glucose converts to lactic acid, and in yeast, it converts to alcohol and carbon dioxide.

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Aerobic Respiration

Process of energy production using oxygen; glucose is combined with oxygen to produce energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

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Solutions to Coronary Heart Disease

Bypass surgery creates an alternative blood pathway, while angioplasty uses a stent to widen narrowed arteries.

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Elements in Proteins

Proteins are made up of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

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Elements in Carbohydrates and Fats

Carbohydrates and fats are composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

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Elements in Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids, like DNA and RNA, are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

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Synapse

The junction where two neurones meet, enabling communication via chemical messengers.

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Involuntary Actions

Actions that occur automatically without conscious control, like breathing or heart beating.

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Homeostasis

The process of maintaining a stable internal environment within an organism, despite external changes.

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Nerve Impulse

An electrical signal that travels along neurones, transmitting information.

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Deamination

The process of removing amino groups from amino acids in the liver, resulting in the production of ammonia.

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Protein Digestion Location

Protein digestion primarily takes place in the stomach, where enzymes break down proteins into smaller peptides.

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Insulin Production Location

Insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels, is produced in the pancreas.

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Water Reabsorption Location

Most water reabsorption takes place in the jejunum, a part of the small intestine.

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Antibody Function

Antibodies attack and attach to pathogens, hindering their reproduction and aiding phagocytic cells in engulfing and destroying them.

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Nutrients Absorbed by Proteins

Proteins are broken down into amino acids, which are then absorbed.

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Nutrients Absorbed by Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are converted to glucose, a simple sugar that provides energy, and then absorbed.

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Nutrients Absorbed by Lipase

Lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol, which are then absorbed.

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Effects of Adrenaline

Adrenaline increases heart rate and breathing rate, preparing the body for action.

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Respiration

The process by which living organisms release energy from food.

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Formula for Respiration

Glucose + Oxygen âž” Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water.

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ATP

Adenosine triphosphate is the primary energy molecule used by cells to perform various functions.

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Hydrophytes

Plants adapted to live in water, characterized by specific features like air spaces and flexible stems.

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Xerophytes

Plants adapted to survive in dry, arid environments, with special features like reduced leaves and deep roots.

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Peristalsis Movement

Wave-like muscle contractions that move food along the digestive tract, specifically the small intestine.

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Study Notes

Adrenaline

  • Rapid response hormone.
  • Effects are short-lived.

Diffusion

  • Movement of particles from high to low concentration.
  • Continues until equilibrium is reached.

Types of Neurones

  • Motor neurones transmit impulses from the brain to muscles.
  • Sensory neurones carry signals from sensory receptors to the brain.
  • Relay neurones connect motor and sensory neurones within the central nervous system.

Osmosis

  • Movement of water molecules from high to low water potential.
  • Occurs through a semi-permeable membrane.

Sensitivity

  • Organisms' ability to detect environmental changes.
  • Important for survival and interactions with surroundings.

Factors Affecting Diffusion

  • Distance; greater distance slows diffusion.
  • Concentration gradient; steeper gradient increases diffusion rate.
  • Surface area; larger areas facilitate more movement.
  • Temperature; higher temperatures enhance kinetic energy.

Turgidity

  • Swelling in plant cells due to water uptake via osmosis.
  • Important for maintaining cell structure and support.

Plasmolysis

  • Occurs when a cell loses water and shrinks away from the cell wall.
  • Indicates a hypertonic environment for the cell.

Enzymes

  • Biological catalysts that speed up reactions without changing themselves.
  • Composed of proteins.

Effect of Temperature on Enzymes

  • Higher temperature increases kinetic energy and reaction rate.
  • Each enzyme has an optimum temperature.
  • Excessive heat leads to enzyme denaturation.

Effects of pH on Enzymes

  • pH levels can alter enzyme shape, affecting function.
  • Different enzymes have varying pH optima.

Industrial Use of Enzymes

  • Utilized in barley seed germination.
  • Enhance juice extraction and vegetable softening.
  • Key component in industrial fermentation and biological detergents.

Anaerobic Respiration

  • In muscles: Glucose converts to lactic acid and energy.
  • In yeast: Glucose converts to alcohol, carbon dioxide, and energy.

Aerobic Respiration

  • Chemical equation: Glucose + Oxygen âž” Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water.

Solutions to Coronary Heart Disease

  • Bypass surgery creates an alternative route for blood.
  • Angioplasty involves widening narrowed arteries with a stent.

Elements in Proteins

  • Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen.

Elements in Carbohydrates and Fats

  • Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.

Elements in Nucleic Acids

  • Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus.

Synapse

  • Junction that connects two neurones, facilitating signal transmission.

Involuntary Actions

  • Automatic processes requiring no conscious thought.
  • Produce a consistent response to stimuli.

Homeostasis

  • Mechanism maintaining stable internal conditions within an organism.

Nerve Impulse

  • Electrical signal transmitted along neurones.

Deamination

  • Process of removing amino groups from amino acids in the liver.

Protein Digestion Location

  • Primarily occurs in the stomach.

Insulin Production Location

  • Synthesized in the pancreas.

Water Reabsorption Location

  • Most water reabsorption takes place in the jejunum of the small intestine.

Antibody Function

  • Attach to pathogens to inhibit reproduction.
  • Aid phagocytic cells in engulfing pathogens.

Nutrients Absorbed by Proteins

  • Break down into amino acids.

Nutrients Absorbed by Carbohydrates

  • Convert to glucose for energy.

Nutrients Absorbed by Lipase

  • Break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Effects of Adrenaline

  • Increases heart rate and breathing rate.

Respiration

  • Process of energy release from food in all living cells.

Formula for Respiration

  • Glucose + Oxygen âž” Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water.

ATP

  • Adenosine triphosphate; key energy molecule in cellular processes.

Hydrophytes

  • Plants adapted to aquatic environments.

Xerophytes

  • Plants adapted to survive in arid conditions.

Peristalsis Movement

  • Wave-like muscle contractions that move food along the small intestine.

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Test your knowledge of key biology concepts with this iGCSE flashcard quiz. Each card covers essential terms such as Adrenaline, Diffusion, and Osmosis. Perfect for quick revisions and deeper understanding of biological processes.

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