Biology iGCSE Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is adrenaline?

Often very rapid, lasts for a short period.

What is diffusion?

When particles move from a region of higher concentration to a lower concentration as a result of their random movement until equilibrium is met.

Types of neurones include __________.

Motor neurones, Sensory neurones, Relay neurones.

What is osmosis?

Net movement of water molecules from a region of high water potential to a low water potential region through a semi-permeable membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What is sensitivity in biological terms?

The ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment. Signup and view all the answers

Which factors affect diffusion? (Select all that apply)

Surface area Signup and view all the answers

What is turgidity?

Swelling caused by osmosis, generally in plant cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is plasmolysis?

When the cell's sap vacuole shrinks and becomes flaccid; when the cytoplasm shrinks back from the cell wall. Signup and view all the answers

What are enzymes?

Catalysts that speed up chemical reactions but remain unchanged in the end. They are proteins that function as biological catalysts. Signup and view all the answers

How does temperature affect enzymes?

Temperature increase results in greater kinetic energy; the optimum temperature is when the maximum rate of reaction occurs; past the optimum, enzymes denature. Signup and view all the answers

How does pH affect enzymes?

Varies for different enzymes; can change the shape of the active site and denature it. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are industrial uses of enzymes? (Select all that apply)

Germination of barley seeds Signup and view all the answers

What is the anaerobic formula for muscle?

Glucose > Lactic acid + Energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the aerobic formula for respiration?

Glucose + Oxygen > Energy + Carbon dioxide + Water. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are solutions to coronary heart disease? (Select all that apply)

Angioplasty Signup and view all the answers

What are the elements found in proteins?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen. Signup and view all the answers

What are the elements found in carbohydrates and fats?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What are the elements in nucleic acids?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus. Signup and view all the answers

What is a synapse?

Junction between two neurones. Signup and view all the answers

What is an involuntary action? (Select all that apply)

Automatic Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostasis?

Maintenance of a constant internal environment. Signup and view all the answers

What is a nerve impulse?

An electrical signal that passes along nerve cells called neurones. Signup and view all the answers

What is deamination?

Removal of amino acids from urea; happens in the liver. Signup and view all the answers

Where does protein digestion happen?

Stomach. Signup and view all the answers

Where does insulin production happen?

Pancreas. Signup and view all the answers

Where is most water reabsorbed?

Jejunum (small intestine). Signup and view all the answers

How do antibodies provide protection from viruses and bacteria?

They attach themselves to the virus or bacteria, stopping division and helping phagocytes engulf the virus or bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

What nutrients are absorbed by proteins?

Amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

What nutrients are absorbed by carbohydrates?

Glucose. Signup and view all the answers

What nutrients are absorbed by lipase?

Fatty acids and glycerol. Signup and view all the answers

What are effects of adrenaline? (Select all that apply)

Rate of breathing increases Signup and view all the answers

What is respiration?

Release of energy from food substances, occurring in all living cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for respiration?

Glucose + Oxygen > Energy + Carbon dioxide + Water. Signup and view all the answers

What is ATP?

Energy; Adenosine triphosphate. Signup and view all the answers

What are hydrophytes?

Aquatic plants. Signup and view all the answers

What are xerophytes?

Desert plants. Signup and view all the answers

What is peristalsis movement?

Responsible for the transportation of chime along the path of the small intestine. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Adrenaline

Rapid response hormone.
Effects are short-lived.

Diffusion

Movement of particles from high to low concentration.
Continues until equilibrium is reached.

Types of Neurones

Motor neurones transmit impulses from the brain to muscles.
Sensory neurones carry signals from sensory receptors to the brain.
Relay neurones connect motor and sensory neurones within the central nervous system.

Osmosis

Movement of water molecules from high to low water potential.
Occurs through a semi-permeable membrane.

Sensitivity

Organisms' ability to detect environmental changes.
Important for survival and interactions with surroundings.

Factors Affecting Diffusion

Distance; greater distance slows diffusion.
Concentration gradient; steeper gradient increases diffusion rate.
Surface area; larger areas facilitate more movement.
Temperature; higher temperatures enhance kinetic energy.

Turgidity

Swelling in plant cells due to water uptake via osmosis.
Important for maintaining cell structure and support.

Plasmolysis

Occurs when a cell loses water and shrinks away from the cell wall.
Indicates a hypertonic environment for the cell.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up reactions without changing themselves.
Composed of proteins.

Effect of Temperature on Enzymes

Higher temperature increases kinetic energy and reaction rate.
Each enzyme has an optimum temperature.
Excessive heat leads to enzyme denaturation.

Effects of pH on Enzymes

pH levels can alter enzyme shape, affecting function.
Different enzymes have varying pH optima.

Industrial Use of Enzymes

Utilized in barley seed germination.
Enhance juice extraction and vegetable softening.
Key component in industrial fermentation and biological detergents.

Anaerobic Respiration

In muscles: Glucose converts to lactic acid and energy.
In yeast: Glucose converts to alcohol, carbon dioxide, and energy.

Aerobic Respiration

Chemical equation: Glucose + Oxygen ➔ Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water.

Solutions to Coronary Heart Disease

Bypass surgery creates an alternative route for blood.
Angioplasty involves widening narrowed arteries with a stent.

Elements in Proteins

Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen.

Elements in Carbohydrates and Fats

Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.

Elements in Nucleic Acids

Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus.

Synapse

Junction that connects two neurones, facilitating signal transmission.

Involuntary Actions

Automatic processes requiring no conscious thought.
Produce a consistent response to stimuli.

Homeostasis

Mechanism maintaining stable internal conditions within an organism.

Nerve Impulse

Electrical signal transmitted along neurones.

Deamination

Process of removing amino groups from amino acids in the liver.

Protein Digestion Location

Primarily occurs in the stomach.

Insulin Production Location

Synthesized in the pancreas.

Water Reabsorption Location

Most water reabsorption takes place in the jejunum of the small intestine.

Antibody Function

Attach to pathogens to inhibit reproduction.
Aid phagocytic cells in engulfing pathogens.

Nutrients Absorbed by Proteins

Break down into amino acids.

Nutrients Absorbed by Carbohydrates

Convert to glucose for energy.

Nutrients Absorbed by Lipase

Break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Effects of Adrenaline

Increases heart rate and breathing rate.

Respiration

Process of energy release from food in all living cells.

Formula for Respiration

Glucose + Oxygen ➔ Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate; key energy molecule in cellular processes.

Hydrophytes

Plants adapted to aquatic environments.

Xerophytes

Plants adapted to survive in arid conditions.

Peristalsis Movement

Wave-like muscle contractions that move food along the small intestine.

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Description

Test your knowledge of key biology concepts with this iGCSE flashcard quiz. Each card covers essential terms such as Adrenaline, Diffusion, and Osmosis. Perfect for quick revisions and deeper understanding of biological processes.