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What is adrenaline?
Often very rapid, lasts for a short period.
What is diffusion?
When particles move from a region of higher concentration to a lower concentration as a result of their random movement until equilibrium is met.
Types of neurones include __________.
Motor neurones, Sensory neurones, Relay neurones.
What is osmosis?
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What is sensitivity in biological terms?
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Which factors affect diffusion? (Select all that apply)
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What is turgidity?
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What is plasmolysis?
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What are enzymes?
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How does temperature affect enzymes?
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How does pH affect enzymes?
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Which of these are industrial uses of enzymes? (Select all that apply)
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What is the anaerobic formula for muscle?
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What is the aerobic formula for respiration?
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Which of the following are solutions to coronary heart disease? (Select all that apply)
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What are the elements found in proteins?
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What are the elements found in carbohydrates and fats?
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What are the elements in nucleic acids?
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What is a synapse?
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What is an involuntary action? (Select all that apply)
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What is homeostasis?
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What is a nerve impulse?
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What is deamination?
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Where does protein digestion happen?
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Where does insulin production happen?
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Where is most water reabsorbed?
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How do antibodies provide protection from viruses and bacteria?
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What nutrients are absorbed by proteins?
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What nutrients are absorbed by carbohydrates?
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What nutrients are absorbed by lipase?
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What are effects of adrenaline? (Select all that apply)
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What is respiration?
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What is the formula for respiration?
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What is ATP?
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What are hydrophytes?
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What are xerophytes?
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What is peristalsis movement?
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Study Notes
Adrenaline
- Rapid response hormone.
- Effects are short-lived.
Diffusion
- Movement of particles from high to low concentration.
- Continues until equilibrium is reached.
Types of Neurones
- Motor neurones transmit impulses from the brain to muscles.
- Sensory neurones carry signals from sensory receptors to the brain.
- Relay neurones connect motor and sensory neurones within the central nervous system.
Osmosis
- Movement of water molecules from high to low water potential.
- Occurs through a semi-permeable membrane.
Sensitivity
- Organisms' ability to detect environmental changes.
- Important for survival and interactions with surroundings.
Factors Affecting Diffusion
- Distance; greater distance slows diffusion.
- Concentration gradient; steeper gradient increases diffusion rate.
- Surface area; larger areas facilitate more movement.
- Temperature; higher temperatures enhance kinetic energy.
Turgidity
- Swelling in plant cells due to water uptake via osmosis.
- Important for maintaining cell structure and support.
Plasmolysis
- Occurs when a cell loses water and shrinks away from the cell wall.
- Indicates a hypertonic environment for the cell.
Enzymes
- Biological catalysts that speed up reactions without changing themselves.
- Composed of proteins.
Effect of Temperature on Enzymes
- Higher temperature increases kinetic energy and reaction rate.
- Each enzyme has an optimum temperature.
- Excessive heat leads to enzyme denaturation.
Effects of pH on Enzymes
- pH levels can alter enzyme shape, affecting function.
- Different enzymes have varying pH optima.
Industrial Use of Enzymes
- Utilized in barley seed germination.
- Enhance juice extraction and vegetable softening.
- Key component in industrial fermentation and biological detergents.
Anaerobic Respiration
- In muscles: Glucose converts to lactic acid and energy.
- In yeast: Glucose converts to alcohol, carbon dioxide, and energy.
Aerobic Respiration
- Chemical equation: Glucose + Oxygen ➔ Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water.
Solutions to Coronary Heart Disease
- Bypass surgery creates an alternative route for blood.
- Angioplasty involves widening narrowed arteries with a stent.
Elements in Proteins
- Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen.
Elements in Carbohydrates and Fats
- Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
Elements in Nucleic Acids
- Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus.
Synapse
- Junction that connects two neurones, facilitating signal transmission.
Involuntary Actions
- Automatic processes requiring no conscious thought.
- Produce a consistent response to stimuli.
Homeostasis
- Mechanism maintaining stable internal conditions within an organism.
Nerve Impulse
- Electrical signal transmitted along neurones.
Deamination
- Process of removing amino groups from amino acids in the liver.
Protein Digestion Location
- Primarily occurs in the stomach.
Insulin Production Location
- Synthesized in the pancreas.
Water Reabsorption Location
- Most water reabsorption takes place in the jejunum of the small intestine.
Antibody Function
- Attach to pathogens to inhibit reproduction.
- Aid phagocytic cells in engulfing pathogens.
Nutrients Absorbed by Proteins
- Break down into amino acids.
Nutrients Absorbed by Carbohydrates
- Convert to glucose for energy.
Nutrients Absorbed by Lipase
- Break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Effects of Adrenaline
- Increases heart rate and breathing rate.
Respiration
- Process of energy release from food in all living cells.
Formula for Respiration
- Glucose + Oxygen ➔ Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water.
ATP
- Adenosine triphosphate; key energy molecule in cellular processes.
Hydrophytes
- Plants adapted to aquatic environments.
Xerophytes
- Plants adapted to survive in arid conditions.
Peristalsis Movement
- Wave-like muscle contractions that move food along the small intestine.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key biology concepts with this iGCSE flashcard quiz. Each card covers essential terms such as Adrenaline, Diffusion, and Osmosis. Perfect for quick revisions and deeper understanding of biological processes.