GCSE Microscopy Quiz and Flashcards: Edexcel Biology Cells

Study Notes

Cell Types

There are two main types of cells: eukaryotic (found in animals and plants) and prokaryotic.

Differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Cell Components

Both plant and animal cells have five common components: nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, and ribosomes.

Genetic Information Storage

In eukaryotic cells, genetic information is stored within the nucleus, arranged in chromosomes.
In prokaryotic cells, genetic information is found free within the cytoplasm as chromosomal DNA (single large loop of circular DNA) and plasmid DNA.

Nuclear Function

The nucleus controls cellular activities.

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm is a fluid component of the cell that contains organelles, enzymes, dissolved ions, and nutrients.
Its function is to provide a site for cellular reactions, such as the first stage of respiration.

Cell Membrane

The cell membrane controls the entry and exit of materials into and out of the cell.

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are responsible for generating energy for the cell.

Permanent Vacuole

The permanent vacuole supports the cell, maintaining its turgidity.

Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis.
They appear green under a light microscope due to the presence of chlorophyll.

Prokaryotic Cell Organelles

Prokaryotic cells have six organelles: chromosomal DNA, plasmid DNA, cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, and flagella.

Sexual Reproduction

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two haploid gametes, resulting in a diploid embryo with two chromosomes for each gene and two copies of each allele.

Egg Cell Adaptations

Egg cells are adapted to their function with a haploid nucleus containing genetic material, mitochondria providing energy, cytoplasm containing nutrients, and a hardened cell membrane after fertilization.

Sperm Cell Adaptations

Sperm cells are adapted to their function with a haploid nucleus containing genetic information, a tail for movement, mitochondria providing energy, and an acrosome containing enzymes that digest the egg cell membrane.

Ciliated Epithelial Cells

Ciliated epithelial cells are found in the respiratory, reproductive, and digestive systems.

Microscopy

Electron microscopes are used to observe cells and organelles in detail, enabling scientists to develop more accurate explanations about cell structure and function.
The disadvantages of electron microscopes include being expensive, large, requiring training to use, and only being able to observe dead specimens.

Unit Conversion

To convert from meters (m) to millimeters (mm), multiply by 1000.
To convert from meters (m) to micrometers (μm), multiply by 1,000,000.
To convert from meters (m) to nanometers (nm), multiply by 1,000,000,000.
To convert from nanometers (nm) to meters (m), divide by 1,000,000,000.

Description

Test your knowledge of cells and microscopy with this flashcard quiz, covering topics 1.1 to 1.5 of the Edexcel Biology GCSE curriculum. Learn about the different types of cells and their characteristics. Prepare for your GCSE exam with these interactive flashcards.