Section 6

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Questions and Answers

What is a key consequence of liver disease on fluid balance in the body?

Decreased hydrostatic pressure

Decreased osmotic pressure (correct)

Increased synthesis of albumin

Increased osmotic pressure

Which condition can lead to lymphatic obstruction?

Increased sodium intake

Cirrhosis

Renal failure

Cancer (correct)

How does sodium and water retention affect fluid dynamics in the body?

Decreases appetite for water

Increases plasma oncotic pressure

Decreases hydrostatic pressure

Increases hydrostatic pressure (correct)

What is a primary effect of increased vascular permeability during inflammation?

Development of edema Signup and view all the answers

Which situation is likely to cause edema through direct damage to glomeruli?

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis Signup and view all the answers

In which type of inflammation is edema likely to be observed?

Both acute and chronic inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What role does hydrostatic pressure play in edema formation?

It promotes fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT contribute to edema in the body?

Static exercise Signup and view all the answers

What is the rate of fluid reabsorption at the venous end of the capillary system?

12 mL/min Signup and view all the answers

What happens if hydrostatic pressure at the venous end is elevated?

Reabsorption decreases Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is a cause of oncotic edema?

Loss of albumin Signup and view all the answers

What is the rate at which fluid is drained through lymphatic capillaries?

2 mL/min Signup and view all the answers

What results if the lymphatics cannot drain the surplus fluid?

Edema fluid accumulates Signup and view all the answers

What type of edema results from injuries that make the vascular bed leaky?

Inflammatory and traumatic edema Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about hydrostatic edema is true?

It results from elevated venous hydrostatic pressure Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes lymphedema?

Inadequate lymphatic drainage Signup and view all the answers

What components primarily make up a thrombus?

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and fibrin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the components of Virchow's triad for thrombosis?

Increased cardiac output Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential outcome if thrombus fragments break off?

Thromboembolization Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by a restriction of blood flow to a tissue?

Ischemia Signup and view all the answers

Which type of emboli are the most common?

Thromboemboli Signup and view all the answers

What happens during severe ischemia if there is no alternate blood supply?

Infarction occurs Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by an irreversible process that typically leads to tissue necrosis?

Infarction Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of chronic thrombi?

Recanalization Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes localized edema?

Increased hydrostatic pressure due to vascular obstruction Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT a common cause of hemorrhage?

Renal failure Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes exudate from transudate?

Exudate is protein-rich due to high hydrostatic pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for blood accumulation within a tissue?

Hematoma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is likely to result in generalized edema?

Decreased synthesis of albumin due to liver failure Signup and view all the answers

What condition contributes to the increased hydrostatic pressure in generalized edema?

Heart failure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of hemorrhage exacerbated by blood clotting defects?

Thrombocytopenia Signup and view all the answers

Which type of edema results from sodium retention due to kidney disease?

Generalized edema Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a red (hemorrhagic) infarct?

Occurs in tissues with a dual blood supply Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining factor of septic shock?

Associated with severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence infarct development?

Environmental temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is true about a white (anemic) infarct?

Is associated with solid organ arterial occlusion Signup and view all the answers

Which type of shock is characterized by the inability of the heart to pump blood?

Cardiogenic shock Signup and view all the answers

What common feature do cardiogenic and hypovolemic shock share?

Decreased tissue perfusion Signup and view all the answers

What results from arterial vasodilation during septic shock?

Vascular leakage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the outcome of rapid vascular occlusion?

Necrosis leading to organ dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Edema

Edema is a fluid accumulation in the interstitial spaces
Edema formation is influenced by hydrostatic and oncotic pressures
Increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure leads to edema formation
Hydrostatic Edema: Increased hydrostatic pressure at the venous end of capillaries hinders reabsorption
Oncotic Edema: Reduction in plasma osmotic pressure due to albumin loss or deficiency causes fluid retention
Lymphatic Edema: Lymphatic obstruction prohibits fluid resorption, leading to interstitial fluid accumulation

Localized vs Generalized Edema

Localized: Specific area, caused by factors like vascular obstruction or lymphatic blockage
Generalized: Systemic, caused by heart failure, decreased oncotic pressure, or sodium retention

Transudate vs Exudate

Transudate: Protein-poor fluid due to high hydrostatic pressure or low colloid osmotic pressure
Exudate: Protein-rich fluid due to increased vascular permeability

Hemorrhage

Hemorrhage refers to bleeding outside the blood vessels
It can be caused by damage to blood vessels, weakening of vessels due to conditions like atherosclerosis, infections, invasive tumors, hypertension, or hemorrhagic diatheses

Thrombosis

Thrombus is a blood clot formed within a blood vessel
Components of a Thrombus: Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and fibrin
Virchow's Triad: Factors promoting thrombosis: endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, and hypercoagulability

Prognosis of Thrombosis

Propagation: Thrombus enlarges
Embolization: Thrombus fragment detaches and travels through the bloodstream
Dissolution: Thrombus dissolves
Organization and Recanalization: Tissue replaces the thrombus, forming new channels for blood flow

Complications of Thrombi

Embolization: Fragments of the thrombus break off and travel in the bloodstream
Ischemic injury: Reduced blood flow leading to tissue damage
Infarction: Tissue death due to complete lack of blood flow

Embolism

An embolus is a detached intravascular mass traveling through the bloodstream
Types: Thromboemboli, Gas, Fat, Tumor, Foreign Body

Ischemia

Ischemia is restricted or reduced blood flow to an area of tissue
Causes: Decreased blood supply, obstruction due to thrombus, embolus, pressure, or vessel wall damage
Prognosis: No effect if alternate blood supply exists, but severe or complete ischemia can lead to infarction

Infarction

Infarct is an area of necrotic tissue due to occlusion of the vascular supply
It is irreversible and replaced by scar tissue
Classification:
- Red (hemorrhagic): Venous or arterial occlusion, tissues with dual blood supply, previously congested tissue, re-established flow after infarction.
- White (anemic): Arterial occlusion in solid organs
- Septic: Microbial infection causing abscess formation
- Bland: No microbial infection

Influencing Factors of Infarct Development

Anatomy of the vascular supply
Rate of occlusion
Tissue vulnerability to hypoxia

Shock

Shock is a life-threatening condition characterized by diminished cardiac output and reduced effective circulating blood volume
It leads to impaired tissue perfusion and cellular hypoxia
Categories:
- Cardiogenic: Heart failure due to myocardial damage, compression, or outflow obstruction
- Hypovolemic: Loss of blood or plasma volume
- Septic: Triggers by infections, associated with severe systemic inflammatory response
- Anaphylactic: Severe allergic reaction, rapid drop in blood pressure, and widespread vasodilation.
- Neurogenic: Damage to the nervous system resulting in vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.

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Description

This quiz explores the mechanisms behind edema, including hydrostatic and oncotic pressures, and distinguishes between localized and generalized edema. Additionally, it discusses the differences between transudate and exudate, fostering a comprehensive understanding of fluid accumulation in tissues.