Section 6
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Section 6

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Questions and Answers

What is a key consequence of liver disease on fluid balance in the body?

  • Decreased hydrostatic pressure
  • Decreased osmotic pressure (correct)
  • Increased synthesis of albumin
  • Increased osmotic pressure
  • Which condition can lead to lymphatic obstruction?

  • Increased sodium intake
  • Cirrhosis
  • Renal failure
  • Cancer (correct)
  • How does sodium and water retention affect fluid dynamics in the body?

  • Decreases appetite for water
  • Increases plasma oncotic pressure
  • Decreases hydrostatic pressure
  • Increases hydrostatic pressure (correct)
  • What is a primary effect of increased vascular permeability during inflammation?

    <p>Development of edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which situation is likely to cause edema through direct damage to glomeruli?

    <p>Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of inflammation is edema likely to be observed?

    <p>Both acute and chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does hydrostatic pressure play in edema formation?

    <p>It promotes fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT contribute to edema in the body?

    <p>Static exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rate of fluid reabsorption at the venous end of the capillary system?

    <p>12 mL/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if hydrostatic pressure at the venous end is elevated?

    <p>Reabsorption decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is a cause of oncotic edema?

    <p>Loss of albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rate at which fluid is drained through lymphatic capillaries?

    <p>2 mL/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results if the lymphatics cannot drain the surplus fluid?

    <p>Edema fluid accumulates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of edema results from injuries that make the vascular bed leaky?

    <p>Inflammatory and traumatic edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about hydrostatic edema is true?

    <p>It results from elevated venous hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes lymphedema?

    <p>Inadequate lymphatic drainage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What components primarily make up a thrombus?

    <p>Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered one of the components of Virchow's triad for thrombosis?

    <p>Increased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential outcome if thrombus fragments break off?

    <p>Thromboembolization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by a restriction of blood flow to a tissue?

    <p>Ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of emboli are the most common?

    <p>Thromboemboli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during severe ischemia if there is no alternate blood supply?

    <p>Infarction occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by an irreversible process that typically leads to tissue necrosis?

    <p>Infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of chronic thrombi?

    <p>Recanalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes localized edema?

    <p>Increased hydrostatic pressure due to vascular obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT a common cause of hemorrhage?

    <p>Renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes exudate from transudate?

    <p>Exudate is protein-rich due to high hydrostatic pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for blood accumulation within a tissue?

    <p>Hematoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is likely to result in generalized edema?

    <p>Decreased synthesis of albumin due to liver failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition contributes to the increased hydrostatic pressure in generalized edema?

    <p>Heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of hemorrhage exacerbated by blood clotting defects?

    <p>Thrombocytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of edema results from sodium retention due to kidney disease?

    <p>Generalized edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a red (hemorrhagic) infarct?

    <p>Occurs in tissues with a dual blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining factor of septic shock?

    <p>Associated with severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence infarct development?

    <p>Environmental temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about a white (anemic) infarct?

    <p>Is associated with solid organ arterial occlusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of shock is characterized by the inability of the heart to pump blood?

    <p>Cardiogenic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common feature do cardiogenic and hypovolemic shock share?

    <p>Decreased tissue perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from arterial vasodilation during septic shock?

    <p>Vascular leakage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the outcome of rapid vascular occlusion?

    <p>Necrosis leading to organ dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Edema

    • Edema is a fluid accumulation in the interstitial spaces
    • Edema formation is influenced by hydrostatic and oncotic pressures
    • Increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure leads to edema formation
    • Hydrostatic Edema: Increased hydrostatic pressure at the venous end of capillaries hinders reabsorption
    • Oncotic Edema: Reduction in plasma osmotic pressure due to albumin loss or deficiency causes fluid retention
    • Lymphatic Edema: Lymphatic obstruction prohibits fluid resorption, leading to interstitial fluid accumulation

    Localized vs Generalized Edema

    • Localized: Specific area, caused by factors like vascular obstruction or lymphatic blockage
    • Generalized: Systemic, caused by heart failure, decreased oncotic pressure, or sodium retention

    Transudate vs Exudate

    • Transudate: Protein-poor fluid due to high hydrostatic pressure or low colloid osmotic pressure
    • Exudate: Protein-rich fluid due to increased vascular permeability

    Hemorrhage

    • Hemorrhage refers to bleeding outside the blood vessels
    • It can be caused by damage to blood vessels, weakening of vessels due to conditions like atherosclerosis, infections, invasive tumors, hypertension, or hemorrhagic diatheses

    Thrombosis

    • Thrombus is a blood clot formed within a blood vessel
    • Components of a Thrombus: Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and fibrin
    • Virchow's Triad: Factors promoting thrombosis: endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, and hypercoagulability

    Prognosis of Thrombosis

    • Propagation: Thrombus enlarges
    • Embolization: Thrombus fragment detaches and travels through the bloodstream
    • Dissolution: Thrombus dissolves
    • Organization and Recanalization: Tissue replaces the thrombus, forming new channels for blood flow

    Complications of Thrombi

    • Embolization: Fragments of the thrombus break off and travel in the bloodstream
    • Ischemic injury: Reduced blood flow leading to tissue damage
    • Infarction: Tissue death due to complete lack of blood flow

    Embolism

    • An embolus is a detached intravascular mass traveling through the bloodstream
    • Types: Thromboemboli, Gas, Fat, Tumor, Foreign Body

    Ischemia

    • Ischemia is restricted or reduced blood flow to an area of tissue
    • Causes: Decreased blood supply, obstruction due to thrombus, embolus, pressure, or vessel wall damage
    • Prognosis: No effect if alternate blood supply exists, but severe or complete ischemia can lead to infarction

    Infarction

    • Infarct is an area of necrotic tissue due to occlusion of the vascular supply
    • It is irreversible and replaced by scar tissue
    • Classification:
      • Red (hemorrhagic): Venous or arterial occlusion, tissues with dual blood supply, previously congested tissue, re-established flow after infarction.
      • White (anemic): Arterial occlusion in solid organs
      • Septic: Microbial infection causing abscess formation
      • Bland: No microbial infection

    Influencing Factors of Infarct Development

    • Anatomy of the vascular supply
    • Rate of occlusion
    • Tissue vulnerability to hypoxia

    Shock

    • Shock is a life-threatening condition characterized by diminished cardiac output and reduced effective circulating blood volume
    • It leads to impaired tissue perfusion and cellular hypoxia
    • Categories:
      • Cardiogenic: Heart failure due to myocardial damage, compression, or outflow obstruction
      • Hypovolemic: Loss of blood or plasma volume
      • Septic: Triggers by infections, associated with severe systemic inflammatory response
      • Anaphylactic: Severe allergic reaction, rapid drop in blood pressure, and widespread vasodilation.
      • Neurogenic: Damage to the nervous system resulting in vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the mechanisms behind edema, including hydrostatic and oncotic pressures, and distinguishes between localized and generalized edema. Additionally, it discusses the differences between transudate and exudate, fostering a comprehensive understanding of fluid accumulation in tissues.

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