Questions and Answers
Match the following types of edema with their causes:
Transudates = Hydrodynamic disturbances with specific gravity 1.012 Exudates = Increased vascular permeability with specific gravity 1.020 Hydrothorax = Fluid collection in thoracic cavity Hydropericardium = Fluid collection in pericardial cavity
Match the following factors to their effects on edema:
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure = Results in fluid retention Decreased colloid osmotic pressure = Increases fluid leakage into interstitial space Inflammatory mediators = Enhance vascular permeability Lymphatic obstruction = Impedes fluid drainage
Match the following conditions with their related effects:
Congestive heart failure = Generalized systemic edema due to reduced cardiac output Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) = Localized edema due to impaired venous return Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis = Triggers sodium and water retention Diuretics = Promote fluid excretion to reduce edema
Match the following descriptions with terms related to edema:
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Match the following terms with their respective definitions:
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Match the following types of shock with their characteristics:
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Match the following causes of hypovolemic shock:
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Match the following conditions to their effects on blood flow:
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Match the following blood loss scenarios with their potential outcomes:
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Match the following physiological responses to blood vessel constriction:
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Match the following causes of reduced plasma osmotic pressure with their descriptions:
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Match the following types of lymphatic obstruction with their causes:
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Match the following special forms of edema with their specific conditions:
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Match the following descriptions of pitting edema with their indicators:
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Match the following organs or tissues with their common edema occurrences:
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Match the following characteristics of edema morphology with their corresponding descriptions:
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Match the following examples of edema with the terms used to describe them:
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Match the following types of congestion with their descriptions:
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Match the types of hemorrhage with their characteristics:
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Match the causes of hemorrhage with their examples:
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Match the clinical symptoms of congestion with their effects:
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Match the liver morphology findings with their descriptions:
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Match the types of hemorrhage to their sizes:
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Match the descriptions with the types of hemorrhage:
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Match the symptoms of pulmonary congestion with their consequences:
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Match the types of edema with their locations:
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Match the terms related to hemorrhage with their definitions:
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Study Notes
Edema
- Edema is the accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces or body cavities.
- Specific conditions related to edema include hydrothorax, hydropericardium, and hydroperitoneum (ascites).
- Fluid movement is regulated by vascular hydrostatic pressure and plasma colloid osmotic pressure, balancing outflows and inflows in the vascular system.
- Increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure results from factors such as capillary hydrostatic pressure or decreased colloid osmotic pressure.
- Inflammatory mediators can increase vascular permeability, contributing to edema.
- Lymphatic obstruction impairs fluid drainage and causes localized edema, which may result from conditions like filariasis or post-surgical changes.
- Edematous fluid categorized as transudates has a specific gravity of 1.012, while exudates, resulting from inflammatory processes, have a specific gravity of 1.020.
- Examples of localized conditions include elephantiasis from lymphatic obstruction or edema due to breast cancer treatment.
Morphology and Distribution
- Microscopic examination reveals clearing and separation in the extracellular matrix.
- Common sites for edema include subcutaneous tissues, lungs, and brain, often exhibiting dependent edema influenced by gravity.
- Pitting edema occurs when finger pressure leaves a depression in significantly edematous tissues.
Special Forms of Edema
- Pulmonary Edema: Associated with conditions like left-sided heart failure, respiratory distress syndrome, or pulmonary infections, resulting in frothy, blood-tinged fluid in the lungs.
- Brain Edema: Can be localized or generalized, causing symptoms from abscesses, tumors, or long-standing congestion, leading to hypoxia and potential hemorrhages.
- Liver Congestion: Chronic passive congestion leads to a "nutmeg liver" appearance due to increased pressure and liver cell necrosis.
Hemorrhage
- Hemorrhage involves the extravasation of blood into tissues, classified as external or internal (hematoma).
- Petechiae are minute hemorrhages (<2 mm), while purpura are slightly larger (≥3 mm), and ecchymosis refers to subcutaneous hematoma (1-2 cm).
- Causes of hemorrhage include trauma, vessel wall abnormalities, and high blood pressure.
- Acute hemorrhage effects vary based on volume; loss of <20% may be insignificant, while loss of >33% can be fatal.
Shock
- Shock is characterized by inadequate blood supply to meet metabolic demands, leading to systemic hypotension.
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Types of Shock:
- Hypovolemic Shock: Real decrease in blood volume due to hemorrhage or severe fluid loss from vomiting, diarrhea, burns.
- Cardiogenic Shock: Relative decrease in blood volume resulting from myocardial infarction, ruptured heart, or arrhythmias.
- Septic Shock: Caused by severe bacterial infections (gram-positive/negative), associated with significant hemodynamic instability and a high mortality rate.
- Neurogenic Shock: Results from loss of vascular tone due to anesthesia or spinal cord injury.
Pathogenesis and Stages of Shock
- Septic shock involves inflammatory mediators leading to vascular permeability, thrombosis, and significant organ dysfunction.
- Stages of shock include:
- Non-Progressive Phase: Compensatory mechanisms stabilize blood pressure through arteriolar constriction and increased heart rate.
- Progressive Phase: Occurs when additional stressors exacerbate the condition, compromising cardiovascular function further.
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Description
This quiz explores the concept of edema, characterized by an increase of fluid in the interstitial space, including conditions like hydrothorax and ascites. It covers the physiological mechanisms including vascular hydrostatic pressure and plasma colloid osmotic pressure that regulate fluid movement between vascular and interstitial compartments.