Ectoderm Development and Function

Definition

The ectoderm is the outermost of the three primary germ layers in the embryo, which develops into various external and internal body parts.

Origin

The ectoderm arises from the epiblast layer of the blastocyst during embryogenesis.

Derivatives

The ectoderm gives rise to the following structures and tissues:

External derivatives:

• Epidermis (skin)
• Hair
• Nails
• Sebaceous glands
• Sweat glands

Internal derivatives:

• Nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
• Sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose, tongue)
• Adrenal glands
• Pituitary gland
• Mammary glands
• Tooth enamel

Functions

The ectoderm plays a crucial role in:

• Protecting the body from external factors (skin)
• Regulating body temperature (sweat glands)
• Facilitating sensation and perception (nervous system, sensory organs)
• Producing hormones (adrenal glands, pituitary gland)
• Aiding in lactation (mammary glands)

Abnormalities

Abnormal development of the ectoderm can lead to various birth defects and disorders, such as:

• Ectodermal dysplasias (e.g., tooth agenesis, hypohidrosis)
• Neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia)

Learn about the ectoderm, the outermost primary germ layer in embryonic development, its origin, derivatives, functions, and abnormalities. Test your knowledge of human embryology and anatomy.