COPY: Economics: Tacit Collusion and Cartels
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes tacit collusion?

  • It requires firms to meet regularly to align prices.
  • It occurs without explicit communication or agreements. (correct)
  • It is highly detectable and easily proven.
  • It relies on formal contracts between firms.

What is a common method to detect tacit collusion among firms?

  • Monitoring correlated price movements and patterns. (correct)
  • Reviewing customer feedback on price changes.
  • Observing sudden price drops during peak seasons.
  • Analyzing production cost variations over time.

Which scenario is likely to lead to a finite time horizon in tacit collusion?

  • Firms know when competition will cease. (correct)
  • Firms are unaware of market exit opportunities.
  • Firms operate in a constantly changing market.
  • Firms agree to indefinite cooperation.

Why might correlated price movements among firms not be definitive proof of collusion?

<p>Costs or demand can evolve similarly for independent reasons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of corporate leniency programmes?

<p>To provide reduced sentences for cooperating firms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do whistleblowing programmes contribute to law enforcement?

<p>By shielding informants from criminal sanctions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do competition authorities aim to achieve through law enforcement against cartels?

<p>To prevent the formation of new cartels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way that tacit collusion impacts consumers?

<p>It can result in higher prices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of tacit collusion compared to explicit collusion?

<p>It does not involve direct communication or agreements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the stability of cartels depend on?

<p>The ability of firms to monitor each other's actions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary risk of forming a cartel?

<p>Government scrutiny and potential legal action (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible externality of collusion on the market?

<p>Reduction in consumer choices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason for the instability of cartels?

<p>Members may revert to competitive behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge when verifying collusion among firms?

<p>Gathering data on firm’s costs and behaviors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects the 'indistinguishability theorem' in the context of collusion?

<p>Firms can misreport to appear competitive. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model is used to determine the behavior of firms in potential collusion scenarios?

<p>Competitive versus collusive model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What problem often complicates the interpretation of results when detecting collusion?

<p>Extreme sensitivity of estimates to model specifications. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Tacit Collusion

A form of collusion where firms implicitly coordinate their actions without explicit communication or agreements.

Detecting Tacit Collusion

Monitoring price movements and patterns to identify potential collusion.

Finite Time Horizon in Collusion

When firms have a clear understanding of when competitive behavior will resume.

Correlated Price Movements - Not Proof

Similar cost changes or demand shifts can mimic collusive behavior even without collusion.

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Corporate Leniency Programmes

Incentivizing firms that cooperate in investigations to receive reduced penalties.

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Whistleblowing Programmes

Protecting individuals who report illegal activities, encouraging internal reporting.

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Law Enforcement Against Cartels

To deter future cartel formation by demonstrating the negative consequences of collusion.

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Consumer Impacts of Tacit Collusion

Higher prices due to reduced competition and lack of price pressure.

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Tacit vs. Explicit Collusion

Tacit collusion relies on unspoken understanding, while explicit collusion involves direct communication and agreements.

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Stability of Cartels

Firms' ability to monitor each other's actions and ensure compliance with the collusive agreement.

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Primary Risk of Forming a Cartel

Government scrutiny and potential legal penalties, including fines and imprisonment.

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Externalities of Collusion

Reduced consumer choice and less innovation due to stifled competition.

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Instability of Cartels

Individual firms may prioritize their own profits and compete, breaking the cartel agreement.

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Verification Challenges in Collusion

Gathering accurate data on firm costs, pricing strategies, and market dynamics.

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Indistinguishability Theorem in Collusion

Firms can manipulate their reported costs to appear competitive even while colluding.

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Competitive vs Collusive Model

A model that analyses the behavior of firms when collusion is a possibility.

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Interpretation Challenges in Collusion

The sensitivity of the analysis to changes in assumptions or data used to detect collusion.

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