Chapter 1: Data and Statistics

A statistical technique used to monitor production processes and ensure consistency in quality. Charts are used to plot data points over time, indicating any deviations from expected standards.

A visual representation of the average value of a sample taken from a production process. Values outside of the control limits indicate potential issues, such as overfilling or underfilling.

A state in which a production process is operating within acceptable limits, indicated by data points within the control limits of a control chart.

A situation in which a production process is producing products outside of the acceptable range. This might involve filling bottles with too much or too little liquid, leading to potential quality problems.

Predictions about future trends in the economy or specific economic factors. Economists use a variety of statistical information and models to make these forecasts.

Data that can be grouped into distinct categories, like colors, types, or opinions.

Data that uses numbers to represent quantities, such as height, age, or temperature.

Categorical data measured using labels or names without an order, like 'male' or 'female', 'apple' or 'banana'.

Categorical data measured using labels or names with an order, like 'small, medium, large' or 'low, medium, high'.

Quantitative data measured using numbers with equal intervals but no true zero point, like temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit.

Quantitative data measured using numbers with equal intervals and a true zero point, like height, weight, or age.

A variable that represents categorical data, like gender, occupation, or favorite color.

A variable that represents quantitative data, like height, age, or income.

An experiment is a scientific study conducted under controlled conditions where one or more variables are manipulated to observe their effects on another variable.

The variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher in an experiment to see its effect on another variable.

The variable that is measured or observed in response to the change in the independent variable.

A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment or manipulation of the independent variable.

A group in an experiment that receives the treatment or manipulation of the independent variable.

A study where researchers observe and collect data without manipulating or changing any variables.

Selecting individuals for a study randomly to ensure that each individual has an equal chance of being included in the study.

A study where each participant is randomly assigned to a treatment group or a control group to minimize bias and ensure that the groups are comparable.

A numerical summary that represents the central tendency or typical value of a dataset. It's calculated by adding all values and dividing by the total number of values.

A branch of statistics that focuses on summarizing and organizing data to reveal patterns and insights. It involves presenting data in tabular, graphical, or numerical forms.

A group of individuals, objects, or events that share a common characteristic and are the focus of a statistical study.

A subset of a population chosen for study, used to make inferences about the entire population.

A statistical graphical representation used to visualize the distribution of numerical data. It is used to summarize the distribution of a continuous variable by dividing the range of values into intervals.

A measure of the central tendency of a dataset, indicating the average value of the data points. It is calculated by summing all the data points and dividing by the total number of points.

A numerical value calculated from a sample, used to estimate a corresponding population parameter. It's a characteristic of the sample.

A numerical value that describes a characteristic of a population. It's a characteristic of the population.

A measure of the spread or variability of a dataset, indicating how much the data points deviate from the central tendency. It is calculated as the difference between the largest and smallest values in the dataset.

A statistical measure that quantifies the variability or spread of data points around the mean value. It is calculated by taking the square root of the variance.

A range of values that is likely to contain the true population parameter, based on a sample statistic. It provides a level of confidence in the estimate.

A point estimate of the average value of a population, based on a sample. It is a single value.

A measure of central tendency representing the middle value in a sorted dataset. It is calculated by arranging the data in order and selecting the value in the middle.

The most frequently occurring value in a dataset.

A statement about how confident we are that the interval estimate contains the true population parameter. It is often expressed as a percentage.

The art and science of collecting, analyzing, presenting, and interpreting data.

Facts and figures collected and analyzed to gain insights.

A system for classifying data based on their characteristics and properties.

Data that uses labels or names to categorize elements, such as gender or color.

Data that uses numeric values to represent quantities, such as height or weight.

Methods for summarizing data using tables, graphs, and calculations.

Using data from a sample to make predictions or test hypotheses about a larger population.

A collection of all possible elements or items under consideration.