Podcast
Questions and Answers
The relationship between the economy and other aspects of a culture is quite ______, despite our house model appearing somewhat static.
The relationship between the economy and other aspects of a culture is quite ______, despite our house model appearing somewhat static.
dynamic
Societies may be highly dependent on external social structures, especially if they are surrounded or engulfed by larger, more ______ societies.
Societies may be highly dependent on external social structures, especially if they are surrounded or engulfed by larger, more ______ societies.
dominant
Many pre-modern and all modern societies are composite systems of social groupings in diverse and ______ arrangements.
Many pre-modern and all modern societies are composite systems of social groupings in diverse and ______ arrangements.
problematic
A society’s life begins with its practical, productive activities, otherwise known as its ______ of production.
A society’s life begins with its practical, productive activities, otherwise known as its ______ of production.
The mode of production includes the tasks, tools, and the knowledge and skills that humans use to get their daily ______.
The mode of production includes the tasks, tools, and the knowledge and skills that humans use to get their daily ______.
Economic activity is always social, implying that work is never done in isolation from other humans or other facets of ______.
Economic activity is always social, implying that work is never done in isolation from other humans or other facets of ______.
The mode of production leads to and generates relations of production, which are the ways humans organize themselves to get work done and products ______.
The mode of production leads to and generates relations of production, which are the ways humans organize themselves to get work done and products ______.
The dynamic quality that the model does not convey is the inevitable presence of neighboring societies which may have more or less ______ on the society in question.
The dynamic quality that the model does not convey is the inevitable presence of neighboring societies which may have more or less ______ on the society in question.
One common misconception is that ______ were poor and miserable, living on the edge of starvation.
One common misconception is that ______ were poor and miserable, living on the edge of starvation.
The Warlpiri described their desert country as ______, meaning good.
The Warlpiri described their desert country as ______, meaning good.
Foragers spent the majority of their time visiting and socializing, doing ritual “business,” or merely ______.
Foragers spent the majority of their time visiting and socializing, doing ritual “business,” or merely ______.
Because generosity and equality were the general rule, the place of ______ and violence was limited among foragers.
Because generosity and equality were the general rule, the place of ______ and violence was limited among foragers.
Conflicts among foragers usually occurred over ritual concerns or ______ or other personal issues, and were usually settled ritually.
Conflicts among foragers usually occurred over ritual concerns or ______ or other personal issues, and were usually settled ritually.
Foragers tend to have a major emotional and “spiritual” connection to their ______.
Foragers tend to have a major emotional and “spiritual” connection to their ______.
Many foragers regarded themselves and their cultures as essentially ______ – that is, literally rising up out of the ground they inhabited.
Many foragers regarded themselves and their cultures as essentially ______ – that is, literally rising up out of the ground they inhabited.
The ______ are an indigenous people of Japan who traditionally lived a life resembling Inuit or Eskimo societies and were dependent on a harsh environment.
The ______ are an indigenous people of Japan who traditionally lived a life resembling Inuit or Eskimo societies and were dependent on a harsh environment.
Foraging often involves a division of labor between hunting/animal work and gathering/ ______ work.
Foraging often involves a division of labor between hunting/animal work and gathering/ ______ work.
The ______ of the economy into distinct production tasks can create economic and political inequalities.
The ______ of the economy into distinct production tasks can create economic and political inequalities.
Among the Warlpiri in the Central Desert of Australia, ______ hunting and female gathering was a common pattern.
Among the Warlpiri in the Central Desert of Australia, ______ hunting and female gathering was a common pattern.
Even in societies with gendered labor, men might gather materials of interest, such as bush ______.
Even in societies with gendered labor, men might gather materials of interest, such as bush ______.
The Hadza people of Tanzania were known to have men hunting while both men and women ______.
The Hadza people of Tanzania were known to have men hunting while both men and women ______.
The Agta of the Philippines had an economic structure that was described as nearly ______ in economic activities by sex.
The Agta of the Philippines had an economic structure that was described as nearly ______ in economic activities by sex.
The anthropologist Turnbull described the ______ pygmies of the Congo forest as working together, both male and female, to net game.
The anthropologist Turnbull described the ______ pygmies of the Congo forest as working together, both male and female, to net game.
In some foraging arrangements, women handled the ______ of the men after they hunted.
In some foraging arrangements, women handled the ______ of the men after they hunted.
The pre-eminence of males, together with the accumulation of surpluses, made raiding, plunder, and inter-society ______ attractive.
The pre-eminence of males, together with the accumulation of surpluses, made raiding, plunder, and inter-society ______ attractive.
A key aspect of society made possible by intensive agriculture was a high degree of social ______ and social specialization.
A key aspect of society made possible by intensive agriculture was a high degree of social ______ and social specialization.
A small class of wealth ______ existed to 'rule' and 'manage' the economy and society.
A small class of wealth ______ existed to 'rule' and 'manage' the economy and society.
The new political institution that arose alongside the wealth expropriaters class is known as the ______ state.
The new political institution that arose alongside the wealth expropriaters class is known as the ______ state.
Agricultural ______ are providers of surplus to a 'center' of society, rather than independent subsistence producers.
Agricultural ______ are providers of surplus to a 'center' of society, rather than independent subsistence producers.
Intensive agriculture led to an elaboration in the number of different kinds of ______ to do.
Intensive agriculture led to an elaboration in the number of different kinds of ______ to do.
Besides peasants and rulers, ______ could arise like priests, scribes, craftsmen, artisans and soldiers.
Besides peasants and rulers, ______ could arise like priests, scribes, craftsmen, artisans and soldiers.
All of this variation in jobs was financed by the surplus production of the laboring classes, often including ______.
All of this variation in jobs was financed by the surplus production of the laboring classes, often including ______.
The belief that all cattle or other animals actually belonged to a group and needed rounding up was sometimes authorized by ______.
The belief that all cattle or other animals actually belonged to a group and needed rounding up was sometimes authorized by ______.
In decentralized religions, what happened in nature and society was seen to also occur in the ______ realm.
In decentralized religions, what happened in nature and society was seen to also occur in the ______ realm.
Paul Sillitoe's study of Melanesian societies discusses pig production, noting that some societies allowed animals to breed in the ______ rather than actively breeding them.
Paul Sillitoe's study of Melanesian societies discusses pig production, noting that some societies allowed animals to breed in the ______ rather than actively breeding them.
The economic system that evolved out of domestication involving the production of domesticated plants is known as ______.
The economic system that evolved out of domestication involving the production of domesticated plants is known as ______.
Unlike intensive agriculture, horticulture is characterized by farming without the use of technologies such as the plow, irrigation, fertilizer, or ______ animals.
Unlike intensive agriculture, horticulture is characterized by farming without the use of technologies such as the plow, irrigation, fertilizer, or ______ animals.
The absence of technologies in horticulture generally limited outputs and prevented the ______ use of farmlands due to soil nutrient exhaustion.
The absence of technologies in horticulture generally limited outputs and prevented the ______ use of farmlands due to soil nutrient exhaustion.
The role of priest in ancient religions tended to be held by ______.
The role of priest in ancient religions tended to be held by ______.
In some societies, unsupervised pig herding made it difficult to determine if a group preyed on wild pigs or herded semi-______ ones.
In some societies, unsupervised pig herding made it difficult to determine if a group preyed on wild pigs or herded semi-______ ones.
Horticulture has recently been found most often in and is most suited to hilly inland areas and ______ environments.
Horticulture has recently been found most often in and is most suited to hilly inland areas and ______ environments.
In slash-and-burn agriculture, areas of future farm fields were cleared of vegetation by cutting away brush and "slashing" trees to cause them to ______ and dry out.
In slash-and-burn agriculture, areas of future farm fields were cleared of vegetation by cutting away brush and "slashing" trees to cause them to ______ and dry out.
After burning the undergrowth in slash-and-burn agriculture, the nutrients in the native plants are restored back to the soil in the form of ______.
After burning the undergrowth in slash-and-burn agriculture, the nutrients in the native plants are restored back to the soil in the form of ______.
In horticulture, sowing the fields could be as simple as tossing a few seeds into holes poked by ______ sticks.
In horticulture, sowing the fields could be as simple as tossing a few seeds into holes poked by ______ sticks.
Unlike plowing or contouring, horticultural farmers basically "worked around" the ______ in their fields.
Unlike plowing or contouring, horticultural farmers basically "worked around" the ______ in their fields.
A horticultural community needs to have a number of territories in various states of readiness, from "in production" to recently burnt to recently ______ to fallow.
A horticultural community needs to have a number of territories in various states of readiness, from "in production" to recently burnt to recently ______ to fallow.
After two or three harvests, the ______ of the land was often depleted, and it was necessary to allow it to "return to nature."
After two or three harvests, the ______ of the land was often depleted, and it was necessary to allow it to "return to nature."
In slash-and-burn agriculture, the areas are left fallow to allow it to "return to nature," only to be slashed and burned again in the ______.
In slash-and-burn agriculture, the areas are left fallow to allow it to "return to nature," only to be slashed and burned again in the ______.
Flashcards
Division of Labor
Division of Labor
The split of work into specific tasks, assigned to different individuals or groups, often leading to economic or political inequalities.
Gender-Based Division of Labor (Foraging)
Gender-Based Division of Labor (Foraging)
A common foraging setup where men primarily hunt animals and women gather plants.
Warlpiri
Warlpiri
An Australian group that practices gender-based division of labor in foraging.
Animal Work (beyond hunting)
Animal Work (beyond hunting)
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Hunting (Men), Gathering (Both)
Hunting (Men), Gathering (Both)
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Hadza
Hadza
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Shared Hunting and Gathering
Shared Hunting and Gathering
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Agta
Agta
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Society's Dynamic Relationship
Society's Dynamic Relationship
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Mode of Production
Mode of Production
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Relations of Production
Relations of Production
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Productive Activities
Productive Activities
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Exchange relations
Exchange relations
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Societal Dependence
Societal Dependence
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Composite Systems
Composite Systems
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Material Activity
Material Activity
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Forager Lifestyle
Forager Lifestyle
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Forager Social Harmony
Forager Social Harmony
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Forager Conflict Resolution
Forager Conflict Resolution
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Forager Spiritual Connection
Forager Spiritual Connection
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Autochthonous Origin
Autochthonous Origin
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The Ainu
The Ainu
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Ainu Settlement Size
Ainu Settlement Size
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Ainu Dwelling Structure
Ainu Dwelling Structure
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Horticulture
Horticulture
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Slash-and-burn (Swidden) Agriculture
Slash-and-burn (Swidden) Agriculture
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Working Around Obstacles
Working Around Obstacles
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Territory Rotation
Territory Rotation
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Fallow Period
Fallow Period
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Crop Rotation in Horticulture
Crop Rotation in Horticulture
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Nutrient Restoration
Nutrient Restoration
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Seed Placement Technique
Seed Placement Technique
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Male Pre-eminence
Male Pre-eminence
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Surplus & Aggression
Surplus & Aggression
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Professional Soldiers
Professional Soldiers
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Wealth Disparity
Wealth Disparity
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Wealth Expropriaters
Wealth Expropriaters
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Territorial State
Territorial State
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Peasants
Peasants
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Social Specialization
Social Specialization
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Early Religious Authority
Early Religious Authority
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Gender Roles in Religion
Gender Roles in Religion
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Religion's Mirror
Religion's Mirror
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Unsupervised Pig Herding
Unsupervised Pig Herding
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Horticulture Definition
Horticulture Definition
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Low-Technology Farming
Low-Technology Farming
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Limits of Horticulture
Limits of Horticulture
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Horticulture Farming Limits
Horticulture Farming Limits
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Study Notes
- Race and ethnicity are cultural interpretations of physical and behavioral differences, respectively.
- Racial and ethnic classifications are ways that opinions and scholarly analysis have made sense of human difference.
Racial Democracy in Brazil?
- Brazil is sometimes presented as a “racial paradise” or “racial democracy,” where races are considered equal.
- Brazilian society doesn't follow the binary white/black racial categories common in European and American thought.
- Colonial Brazil had white colonists, African slaves, and Native indigenous people, but interbreeding was more accepted.
- "Mixed-race" children were more accepted and better positioned in society.
- Frequent racial mixing made it hard to distinguish between Black and White.
- Brazilian race thinking includes many color and physical feature distinctions.
- The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics identified 134 different color terms used by people to describe themselves.
- These terms include: alva (pure white), alva-escura (off-white or dark white), esbranquecimento (mostly white), acastanhada (cashew- or caramel-colored), trigueira (wheat-colored), amarelo (yellow), verde (greenish), roxa (purplish), preta (black), queimada (burnt), quase-negra (almost Negro), pretinha (light black), meio-preta (mid-Negro), mulatinha (lighter skinned white Negro), and mulatta (mixed white and black).
- Complexity doesn't equal equality as researchers question the "myth of racial democracy" in Brazil.
- Physical appearances still have social consequences.
- More subtle distinctions exist in Brazilian typology, including distinct aesthetic standards.
- Light brown skin is valued over both pale and dark skin.
- Straight hair is considered "better" than curly or kinky hair.
- Facial features approximating the Negroid type are generally regarded as ugly.
- People with more "African" traits disproportionately occupy lower positions regarding income, job, and education.
- Many indigenous groups live on the periphery of Brazilian society facing exploitation. While Brazil hasn't embraced a black versus white race system, this may change.
- An ideology of “whitening” encourages white physical trait increases via European immigration.
- It restricts African immigration and promotes marriage to phenotypically "more European" partners.
- A counter-movement seeks to "raise black consciousness" and unite darker-skinned Brazilians.
- Such a movement wants to replace the color spectrum with a single black category.
- This would transform the flexible Brazilian system into a more rigid, American-like system.
Mestizaje: The Future of Race in Mexico
- Diverse populations have always mixed when groups come into contact.
- "Race mixing" has been encouraged in some settings, especially Latin America and Mexico.
- Mestizaje, from the Spanish word mestizo, describes the historical mixing and value of a dual (Caucasian and Native American) ancestry.
- Mestizaje, both scientifically and ideologically, claims that racial mixture has affected the South American continent, creating genetic and cultural blending making any racial distinction relatively meaningless.
- Some view mestizaje as corrupting "real" races.
- Others see it as a neutral truth, or celebrate it as undermining the whole race concept.
- José Vasconcelos argues that the future belongs to those inclusive of race.
- The days of the pure white are numbered, and the basis of a new period is the fusion of all peoples.
- Vasconcelos desires the birth of a "fifth race," created through "well-being, sympathy, and beauty”.
- Should be a type superior to all that previously existed.
- Vasconcelos notes that no contemporary race can act alone as all should imitate the finished model as all races are a moment in flux of human diversity.
- Latin race seen as capable of civilization and transcending limitations as white traits are expected to predominate in the new cosmic race.
- Black traits will diminish/disappear, better specimens will ascend a scale of ethnic improvement, max white.
- The tolerant Latin must stop "an unrestrained influx of Asians."
- Mestizaje is a way of "undefining Indians" by merging them into a hybrid population.
- Indianness and indigenous identity no longer exist or matter.
- The Indian race is something of the past, which by grafting onto the related race, would jump millions of years.
- The Indian race has no other door to the future than the door cleared by Latin civilization.
- In both El Salvador and Nicaragua, it facilitated the dominant claim that Indians had vanished altogether.
The Burakumin of Japan
- Japan is widely regarded as homogeneous, but Ainu, Koreans and Burakumin reside there.
- Burakumin challenge concepts of race and ethnicity.
- Name comes from the word buraku meaning "people of the village".
- Also known as eta (extreme filth) or hinin (non-human); are essentially physically indistinguishable from other Japanese.
- George DeVos and Hiroshi Wagatsumo call them Japan's "invisible race," which seems like a paradox.
- Origins are unclear and controversial.
- Some Japanese think Burakumin are of Korean or indigenous ancestry.
- The dominant view says they are descendants of workers in polluting professions like leather-making and butchering.
- Status recognized 17th century when the classes of warrior, peasant, and townsperson were established; outcastes at the bottom.
- Status and discrimination were banished in 1871 during the Ata Emancipation Act, but little changed in short run/ linger today.
- Burakumin began transition caste-ethnicity and emancipation from the status of worker and marriage within group; began thinking people Government policies recognized and handled them as a distinct group.
- 20th century saw the formation of pro-Burakumin organizations like Suiheisha and Buraku Kaiho Domei.
- Interpersonal and structural discrimination continues and negative stereo types; rough speech and crude. Accused of unseen physical differences. Live in segregated housing and work limited jobs. Sometimes excluded from higher status work through name lists and ancestry registries. People adopt noticeable markers and irony is the Burakumin can sit next to regular person. Burakumin sometimes exit the bus as stop or two before neighborhood.
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Description
These flashcards cover key concepts in economic anthropology. They explore the relationship between economy and culture, societal dependencies, diverse social groupings, and the mode of production. The flashcards also touch on relations of production.
