Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of relationship do Karner blue butterfly larvae and ants have?
What type of relationship do Karner blue butterfly larvae and ants have?
- Mutualism (correct)
- Parasitism
- Competition
- Predation
What is the main benefit that ants provide to Karner blue butterfly larvae?
What is the main benefit that ants provide to Karner blue butterfly larvae?
- Shelter
- Food
- Pollination
- Protection from predators (correct)
What do Karner blue butterfly larvae secrete to attract ants?
What do Karner blue butterfly larvae secrete to attract ants?
- Hormones
- Pheromones (correct)
- Toxins
- Nectar
What abiotic factor is specifically mentioned as influencing the distribution of plants in the oak-pine barren habitat?
What abiotic factor is specifically mentioned as influencing the distribution of plants in the oak-pine barren habitat?
Which of the following is NOT an example of an abiotic factor?
Which of the following is NOT an example of an abiotic factor?
Why is the study of interactions between different species important for ecological understanding?
Why is the study of interactions between different species important for ecological understanding?
What is the term used to describe the study of the geographic distribution of living things?
What is the term used to describe the study of the geographic distribution of living things?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a heterospecific interaction?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a heterospecific interaction?
What is the primary focus of ecosystem ecology?
What is the primary focus of ecosystem ecology?
Which of the following is an example of a biotic component of an ecosystem?
Which of the following is an example of a biotic component of an ecosystem?
How can understanding ecological issues benefit human society?
How can understanding ecological issues benefit human society?
What is the role of an ecologist in managing natural resources?
What is the role of an ecologist in managing natural resources?
What is the main advantage that the ants provide to the Karner blue butterfly larvae, according to the text?
What is the main advantage that the ants provide to the Karner blue butterfly larvae, according to the text?
What are the two main types of components in an ecosystem?
What are the two main types of components in an ecosystem?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between abiotic factors and biomes?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between abiotic factors and biomes?
What role do ecologists play in educating the public?
What role do ecologists play in educating the public?
Which of the following biomes is characterized by high net primary productivity and high species diversity?
Which of the following biomes is characterized by high net primary productivity and high species diversity?
What is the primary reason why tropical wet forests have high species diversity?
What is the primary reason why tropical wet forests have high species diversity?
How do tropical wet forest trees differ from trees in deciduous forests?
How do tropical wet forest trees differ from trees in deciduous forests?
What is one of the factors responsible for the high rate of photosynthesis in tropical wet forests?
What is one of the factors responsible for the high rate of photosynthesis in tropical wet forests?
What is the primary benefit of warm and wet climates for plant growth?
What is the primary benefit of warm and wet climates for plant growth?
What is the significance of the variation in rainfall in tropical wet forests?
What is the significance of the variation in rainfall in tropical wet forests?
Which of the following statements is FALSE about tropical wet forests?
Which of the following statements is FALSE about tropical wet forests?
What is an epiphyte?
What is an epiphyte?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of tropical wet forests?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of tropical wet forests?
What is an example of an abiotic factor that influences the distribution of biomes?
What is an example of an abiotic factor that influences the distribution of biomes?
How do dry and cold environments affect the level of biomass?
How do dry and cold environments affect the level of biomass?
What is the relationship between aboveground biomass and the abiotic components of the environment?
What is the relationship between aboveground biomass and the abiotic components of the environment?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a biome?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a biome?
Which of these statements about biomes is FALSE?
Which of these statements about biomes is FALSE?
Which two major abiotic factors determine terrestrial biomes?
Which two major abiotic factors determine terrestrial biomes?
What is the relationship between the aboveground biomass of a biome and the resources available for other living things?
What is the relationship between the aboveground biomass of a biome and the resources available for other living things?
What is the main difference between weather and climate?
What is the main difference between weather and climate?
If you were planning an outdoor event in northern Wisconsin, why would you choose a date in the summer rather than winter?
If you were planning an outdoor event in northern Wisconsin, why would you choose a date in the summer rather than winter?
Why is it difficult to accurately predict the weather on a specific day, even though we understand the general climate of a region?
Why is it difficult to accurately predict the weather on a specific day, even though we understand the general climate of a region?
What does the term "long-range weather forecasts" refer to?
What does the term "long-range weather forecasts" refer to?
Which of the following is a characteristic of climate?
Which of the following is a characteristic of climate?
What is the primary source of energy for the majority of organisms in the aphotic zone?
What is the primary source of energy for the majority of organisms in the aphotic zone?
What is the main reason for the high nutrient content in the benthic realm?
What is the main reason for the high nutrient content in the benthic realm?
What is the symbiotic relationship between coral organisms and photosynthetic algae?
What is the symbiotic relationship between coral organisms and photosynthetic algae?
What is the main threat to the long-term survival of coral reefs?
What is the main threat to the long-term survival of coral reefs?
What is the primary source of energy for the food chain in the abyssal zone?
What is the primary source of energy for the food chain in the abyssal zone?
What is the correct order of ocean zones from the surface to the deepest region?
What is the correct order of ocean zones from the surface to the deepest region?
Which of these is NOT a feature of the abyssal zone?
Which of these is NOT a feature of the abyssal zone?
Which of the following organisms is NOT found in the benthic realm?
Which of the following organisms is NOT found in the benthic realm?
What is a primary difference between the photic and aphotic zones in the ocean?
What is a primary difference between the photic and aphotic zones in the ocean?
What is the main reason for the scarcity of nutrients in the oceanic zone?
What is the main reason for the scarcity of nutrients in the oceanic zone?
How does the death of photosynthetic organisms and the protists and animals that feed on them contribute to the nutrient content of the benthic realm?
How does the death of photosynthetic organisms and the protists and animals that feed on them contribute to the nutrient content of the benthic realm?
What is the significance of the Humboldt Current?
What is the significance of the Humboldt Current?
In what ways does the ocean differ from a freshwater lake?
In what ways does the ocean differ from a freshwater lake?
What is the significance of the calcium carbonate skeletons secreted by coral polyps?
What is the significance of the calcium carbonate skeletons secreted by coral polyps?
What is the primary function of the stinging cells (cnidocytes) found on the tentacles of some corals?
What is the primary function of the stinging cells (cnidocytes) found on the tentacles of some corals?
Why are coral reefs considered important to the health of the ocean?
Why are coral reefs considered important to the health of the ocean?
Which abiotic factor is most critical in freshwater systems?
Which abiotic factor is most critical in freshwater systems?
What depth is generally considered to be the boundary of the photic zone in the ocean?
What depth is generally considered to be the boundary of the photic zone in the ocean?
In which of the following zones would you find organisms capable of photosynthesis?
In which of the following zones would you find organisms capable of photosynthesis?
What defines the pelagic realm of the ocean?
What defines the pelagic realm of the ocean?
What is a major consequence of waves in the intertidal zone?
What is a major consequence of waves in the intertidal zone?
What role does phytoplankton play in the neritic zone?
What role does phytoplankton play in the neritic zone?
What characterizes deserts as you travel north around 30 degrees latitude?
What characterizes deserts as you travel north around 30 degrees latitude?
Which zone would likely have the least light penetration?
Which zone would likely have the least light penetration?
Which type of forest comes after grasslands when traveling north?
Which type of forest comes after grasslands when traveling north?
What type of biome forms in estuaries where salt and fresh water mix?
What type of biome forms in estuaries where salt and fresh water mix?
Which of the following is NOT true about the intertidal zone?
Which of the following is NOT true about the intertidal zone?
What is a defining characteristic of endemic species?
What is a defining characteristic of endemic species?
How much of Australia's living plant and mammal species are estimated to be endemic?
How much of Australia's living plant and mammal species are estimated to be endemic?
Which ocean zone includes the deepest parts of the ocean?
Which ocean zone includes the deepest parts of the ocean?
Which ecosystem feature can lead to unique patterns of species distribution?
Which ecosystem feature can lead to unique patterns of species distribution?
Why are organisms in the intertidal zone particularly well-adapted?
Why are organisms in the intertidal zone particularly well-adapted?
What factors influence marine ecosystems more than freshwater ecosystems?
What factors influence marine ecosystems more than freshwater ecosystems?
What is a significant environmental factor that influences species adaptations in photosynthesizers?
What is a significant environmental factor that influences species adaptations in photosynthesizers?
What advantage do spring ephemeral plants have in temperate forests?
What advantage do spring ephemeral plants have in temperate forests?
What term describes the layered structure of varying temperatures in a body of water?
What term describes the layered structure of varying temperatures in a body of water?
Where are coral reefs primarily found?
Where are coral reefs primarily found?
What typically happens when sunlight penetrates a body of water?
What typically happens when sunlight penetrates a body of water?
Which mammal is endemic to Hawaii?
Which mammal is endemic to Hawaii?
Plants that are adapted to surviving without light typically inhabit which environment?
Plants that are adapted to surviving without light typically inhabit which environment?
What impact does the Gulf Stream have on ecosystems?
What impact does the Gulf Stream have on ecosystems?
What is the primary reason for the specific adaptations of vegetation in the understory of a forest?
What is the primary reason for the specific adaptations of vegetation in the understory of a forest?
What is the primary reason animals migrate?
What is the primary reason animals migrate?
What is the metabolic state that animals enter during hibernation or estivation?
What is the metabolic state that animals enter during hibernation or estivation?
Which species is noted for being a generalist and adapting to various geographic areas?
Which species is noted for being a generalist and adapting to various geographic areas?
How do amphibians like the wood frog survive freezing temperatures?
How do amphibians like the wood frog survive freezing temperatures?
How do isolated land masses typically affect species diversity?
How do isolated land masses typically affect species diversity?
What role do inorganic nutrients play in ecosystems?
What role do inorganic nutrients play in ecosystems?
What is a significant abiotic factor that influences aquatic ecosystems?
What is a significant abiotic factor that influences aquatic ecosystems?
What is a defining characteristic of savannas?
What is a defining characteristic of savannas?
Which adaptation do marine organisms have to maintain solute concentrations?
Which adaptation do marine organisms have to maintain solute concentrations?
Which factor does NOT directly affect plant growth?
Which factor does NOT directly affect plant growth?
What primarily influences the vegetation in subtropical deserts?
What primarily influences the vegetation in subtropical deserts?
Which feature is characteristic of chaparral biomes?
Which feature is characteristic of chaparral biomes?
What must terrestrial organisms do to retain water?
What must terrestrial organisms do to retain water?
What role does fire play in temperate grasslands?
What role does fire play in temperate grasslands?
What is the consequence of high temperatures on dissolved oxygen levels in water?
What is the consequence of high temperatures on dissolved oxygen levels in water?
What type of climate is primarily found in savannas?
What type of climate is primarily found in savannas?
How do plants acquire inorganic nutrients necessary for their growth?
How do plants acquire inorganic nutrients necessary for their growth?
What does net primary productivity measure in a given area?
What does net primary productivity measure in a given area?
What adaptations do desert plants exhibit to conserve water?
What adaptations do desert plants exhibit to conserve water?
Where are temperate forests most commonly found?
Where are temperate forests most commonly found?
Which of the following is a significant terrestrial factor affecting ecosystems?
Which of the following is a significant terrestrial factor affecting ecosystems?
What is the average annual rainfall in savannas?
What is the average annual rainfall in savannas?
Which tree species requires fire for its seed cones to open?
Which tree species requires fire for its seed cones to open?
What type of migration pattern is commonly observed in reindeer?
What type of migration pattern is commonly observed in reindeer?
What causes temperature extremes in subtropical deserts?
What causes temperature extremes in subtropical deserts?
What is a primary consequence of fire suppression in temperate grasslands?
What is a primary consequence of fire suppression in temperate grasslands?
Which term best describes the characteristic vegetation of temperate grasslands?
Which term best describes the characteristic vegetation of temperate grasslands?
Why do plants in the chaparral remain dormant during the summer?
Why do plants in the chaparral remain dormant during the summer?
What is the primary vegetation type found in tropical wet forests?
What is the primary vegetation type found in tropical wet forests?
What type of precipitation pattern do subtropical deserts typically exhibit?
What type of precipitation pattern do subtropical deserts typically exhibit?
What is the primary reason some bacteria extract energy from inorganic chemicals in environments like hydrothermal vents?
What is the primary reason some bacteria extract energy from inorganic chemicals in environments like hydrothermal vents?
What process is triggered when prevailing winds blow offshore, allowing nutrients from the ocean bottom to rise to the surface?
What process is triggered when prevailing winds blow offshore, allowing nutrients from the ocean bottom to rise to the surface?
During what seasonal events are nutrients and oxygen recycled in freshwater lakes?
During what seasonal events are nutrients and oxygen recycled in freshwater lakes?
What happens to the water at the bottom of lakes during winter when the surface is frozen?
What happens to the water at the bottom of lakes during winter when the surface is frozen?
Why do organisms in tropical lakes experience different turnover compared to temperate lakes?
Why do organisms in tropical lakes experience different turnover compared to temperate lakes?
How does temperature influence biochemical processes in organisms?
How does temperature influence biochemical processes in organisms?
What ecological challenge do animals face due to temperature fluctuations?
What ecological challenge do animals face due to temperature fluctuations?
What ecological term describes the regular movement of animals from one place to another to survive temperature fluctuations?
What ecological term describes the regular movement of animals from one place to another to survive temperature fluctuations?
How do extremophile bacteria adapt to survive in extremely hot environments, such as geysers?
How do extremophile bacteria adapt to survive in extremely hot environments, such as geysers?
What phenomenon primarily causes the sinking of dead organisms in aquatic systems?
What phenomenon primarily causes the sinking of dead organisms in aquatic systems?
Why is water densest at about 4 °C?
Why is water densest at about 4 °C?
What is the main role of ocean upwelling in marine ecosystems?
What is the main role of ocean upwelling in marine ecosystems?
What effect does ice cover have on oxygen levels at the bottom of lakes during winter?
What effect does ice cover have on oxygen levels at the bottom of lakes during winter?
What is the primary function of spring turnover in freshwater lakes?
What is the primary function of spring turnover in freshwater lakes?
What is the typical temperature range for temperate forests?
What is the typical temperature range for temperate forests?
What major type of trees dominates temperate forests?
What major type of trees dominates temperate forests?
Which feature is characteristic of leaf litter in temperate forests?
Which feature is characteristic of leaf litter in temperate forests?
Which type of forest has a high above-ground biomass due to long-lived tree species?
Which type of forest has a high above-ground biomass due to long-lived tree species?
What is a significant characteristic of soils in boreal forest regions?
What is a significant characteristic of soils in boreal forest regions?
Why can evergreen trees photosynthesize earlier in the spring than deciduous trees?
Why can evergreen trees photosynthesize earlier in the spring than deciduous trees?
What limits the root penetration in the Arctic tundra?
What limits the root penetration in the Arctic tundra?
What is the average growing season duration for plants in the Arctic tundra?
What is the average growing season duration for plants in the Arctic tundra?
Which feature differentiates temperate forests from tropical wet forests?
Which feature differentiates temperate forests from tropical wet forests?
What type of precipitation is most common in boreal forests?
What type of precipitation is most common in boreal forests?
What happens to nutrients in boreal forests when conifer needles are dropped?
What happens to nutrients in boreal forests when conifer needles are dropped?
How does the biomass of the Arctic tundra compare to other biomes?
How does the biomass of the Arctic tundra compare to other biomes?
Which of these biomes is characterized by less diversity of tree species?
Which of these biomes is characterized by less diversity of tree species?
Which of the following is NOT a core goal of ecology?
Which of the following is NOT a core goal of ecology?
What is the primary vector for Lyme disease in the eastern U.S.?
What is the primary vector for Lyme disease in the eastern U.S.?
What is the relationship between Lyme disease and the natural world?
What is the relationship between Lyme disease and the natural world?
What is the significance of the fact that a higher proportion of ticks that live on white-footed mice carry the bacterium that causes Lyme disease than ticks that live on deer?
What is the significance of the fact that a higher proportion of ticks that live on white-footed mice carry the bacterium that causes Lyme disease than ticks that live on deer?
Which of the following is an example of an abiotic component of the environment?
Which of the following is an example of an abiotic component of the environment?
Which of the following is an accurate definition of ecology?
Which of the following is an accurate definition of ecology?
What is the relationship between biotic and abiotic components in the environment?
What is the relationship between biotic and abiotic components in the environment?
What is a vector in the context of ecology?
What is a vector in the context of ecology?
What characteristic of source water contributes to its clarity?
What characteristic of source water contributes to its clarity?
How do leeches adapt to fast-moving waters?
How do leeches adapt to fast-moving waters?
What happens to the water as the river or stream flows away from the source?
What happens to the water as the river or stream flows away from the source?
Which type of water body is characterized by having a clay bottom and poor water percolation?
Which type of water body is characterized by having a clay bottom and poor water percolation?
What is a common misconception about the relationship between weather and climate?
What is a common misconception about the relationship between weather and climate?
What type of vegetation primarily characterizes wetlands?
What type of vegetation primarily characterizes wetlands?
What happens to the decomposition process in bogs due to oxygen levels?
What happens to the decomposition process in bogs due to oxygen levels?
Which of the following is an adaptation of predators in slow-moving waters?
Which of the following is an adaptation of predators in slow-moving waters?
What defines the three shared characteristics of wetlands?
What defines the three shared characteristics of wetlands?
As a river nears its mouth, what typically increases along with sedimentation?
As a river nears its mouth, what typically increases along with sedimentation?
Which factor is NOT associated with increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere?
Which factor is NOT associated with increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere?
What impact does global climate change have on biomes?
What impact does global climate change have on biomes?
Which adaptation do some bog plants have for obtaining nitrogen?
Which adaptation do some bog plants have for obtaining nitrogen?
What role do tributaries play in river dynamics?
What role do tributaries play in river dynamics?
Which of the following is NOT a scientific discipline that contributes to the attainment of ecological goals?
Which of the following is NOT a scientific discipline that contributes to the attainment of ecological goals?
How can climate change directly affect human health?
How can climate change directly affect human health?
What is the main focus of organismal ecology?
What is the main focus of organismal ecology?
Which of the following best describes the Karner blue butterfly's dependence on wild lupine?
Which of the following best describes the Karner blue butterfly's dependence on wild lupine?
What is the primary concern of population ecology?
What is the primary concern of population ecology?
Why is population ecology particularly interested in the Karner blue butterfly?
Why is population ecology particularly interested in the Karner blue butterfly?
How do wildfires benefit wild lupine populations?
How do wildfires benefit wild lupine populations?
What kind of model can be used to investigate the effects of wildfire suppression on wild lupine populations?
What kind of model can be used to investigate the effects of wildfire suppression on wild lupine populations?
What is the focus of community ecology?
What is the focus of community ecology?
Which of the following is NOT a level of ecological study?
Which of the following is NOT a level of ecological study?
Which type of ecological study would focus on the adaptations of individual Karner blue butterflies to a specific environment?
Which type of ecological study would focus on the adaptations of individual Karner blue butterflies to a specific environment?
Which of the following is an example of a physiological adaptation in the Karner blue butterfly?
Which of the following is an example of a physiological adaptation in the Karner blue butterfly?
Which of the following is an example of a behavioral adaptation in the Karner blue butterfly?
Which of the following is an example of a behavioral adaptation in the Karner blue butterfly?
Which of the following is a natural boundary for a population?
Which of the following is a natural boundary for a population?
Which of the following is an artificial boundary for a population?
Which of the following is an artificial boundary for a population?
Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of human population growth on coral reefs?
Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of human population growth on coral reefs?
What is the primary factor that determines the salinity of estuaries?
What is the primary factor that determines the salinity of estuaries?
What is the primary challenge faced by organisms living in estuaries due to their fluctuating salinity?
What is the primary challenge faced by organisms living in estuaries due to their fluctuating salinity?
What adaptation do some halophytic plants use to survive in salty conditions?
What adaptation do some halophytic plants use to survive in salty conditions?
How do mussels and clams respond to low salinity conditions in estuaries?
How do mussels and clams respond to low salinity conditions in estuaries?
What is the main source of energy for the food web in lakes and ponds?
What is the main source of energy for the food web in lakes and ponds?
What is the primary cause of algal blooms in lakes and ponds?
What is the primary cause of algal blooms in lakes and ponds?
How do algal blooms negatively impact lake and pond ecosystems?
How do algal blooms negatively impact lake and pond ecosystems?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of rivers and streams?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of rivers and streams?
What is the primary role of bacteria in the aphotic zone of lakes and ponds?
What is the primary role of bacteria in the aphotic zone of lakes and ponds?
Which of the following is a major environmental challenge faced by Lake Erie and the Gulf of Mexico?
Which of the following is a major environmental challenge faced by Lake Erie and the Gulf of Mexico?
Why is it important to protect coral reefs?
Why is it important to protect coral reefs?
How do estuaries serve as important breeding grounds for marine organisms?
How do estuaries serve as important breeding grounds for marine organisms?
Why is the rapid increase in global temperatures a significant threat to coral reefs?
Why is the rapid increase in global temperatures a significant threat to coral reefs?
What is the primary difference between lakes and ponds and rivers and streams?
What is the primary difference between lakes and ponds and rivers and streams?
Which of the following are important limiting nutrients in lakes and ponds?
Which of the following are important limiting nutrients in lakes and ponds?
What is the main reason why estuaries are considered a challenging environment for living organisms?
What is the main reason why estuaries are considered a challenging environment for living organisms?
Flashcards
Ecology
Ecology
The study of interactions between living organisms and their environment.
Abiotic Components
Abiotic Components
Non-living chemical and physical parts of the environment.
Biotic Components
Biotic Components
Living organisms and their interactions in the environment.
Vectors
Vectors
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Higher Probability of Infection
Higher Probability of Infection
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Lyme Disease
Lyme Disease
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Integration of Sciences
Integration of Sciences
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Distribution of Living Things
Distribution of Living Things
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Biogeography
Biogeography
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Endemic species
Endemic species
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Generalist species
Generalist species
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Desert characteristics
Desert characteristics
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Boreal forests
Boreal forests
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Grasslands
Grasslands
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High latitude ecosystems
High latitude ecosystems
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Abiotic factors
Abiotic factors
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
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Spring ephemeral plants
Spring ephemeral plants
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Light availability in aquatic ecosystems
Light availability in aquatic ecosystems
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Vegetation changes with altitude
Vegetation changes with altitude
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Species distribution patterns
Species distribution patterns
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Unique species patterns
Unique species patterns
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Endangered species
Endangered species
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Ecological Integration
Ecological Integration
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Climate Change Impact
Climate Change Impact
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Levels of Ecological Study
Levels of Ecological Study
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Organismal Ecology
Organismal Ecology
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Karner Blue Butterfly
Karner Blue Butterfly
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Population
Population
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Population Ecology
Population Ecology
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Natural Boundaries
Natural Boundaries
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Community Ecology
Community Ecology
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Competition in Ecology
Competition in Ecology
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Conservation Biology
Conservation Biology
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Adaptations
Adaptations
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Mathematical Modeling
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Biodiversity
Biodiversity
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Heterospecifics
Heterospecifics
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Mutualism
Mutualism
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Predation
Predation
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Parasitism
Parasitism
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Herbivory
Herbivory
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Competition
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Pollination
Pollination
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Ecosystem Ecology
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Net Primary Productivity
Net Primary Productivity
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Biosphere
Biosphere
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Tending
Tending
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Monarch Butterfly Migration
Monarch Butterfly Migration
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Mammal Migration
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Hibernation
Hibernation
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Estivation
Estivation
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Torpor
Torpor
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Antifreeze in Frogs
Antifreeze in Frogs
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Water Requirement for Life
Water Requirement for Life
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Adaptations for Water Retention
Adaptations for Water Retention
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Freshwater Organisms Adaptation
Freshwater Organisms Adaptation
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Marine Organisms Adaptation
Marine Organisms Adaptation
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Inorganic Nutrients and Plants
Inorganic Nutrients and Plants
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Oxygen in Aquatic Ecosystems
Oxygen in Aquatic Ecosystems
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Abiotic Factors in Plants
Abiotic Factors in Plants
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Fire’s Role in Ecosystems
Fire’s Role in Ecosystems
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Hydrothermal Vent Bacteria
Hydrothermal Vent Bacteria
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Ocean Upwelling
Ocean Upwelling
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Nutrient Recycling in Oceans
Nutrient Recycling in Oceans
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Freshwater Nutrient Cycling
Freshwater Nutrient Cycling
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Thermocline
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Spring Turnover
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Fall Turnover
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Lake Stratification
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Extremophiles
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Enzyme Efficiency
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Temperature's Effect on Life
Temperature's Effect on Life
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Migration
Migration
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Arctic Tern Migration
Arctic Tern Migration
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Oxygen-poor Deep Water
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Surface Ice in Lakes
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Savannas
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Subtropical Deserts
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Chaparral
Chaparral
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Temperate Grasslands
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Annual Rainfall in Savannas
Annual Rainfall in Savannas
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Adaptations of Desert Plants
Adaptations of Desert Plants
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Fire in Savannas
Fire in Savannas
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Vegetation in Subtropical Deserts
Vegetation in Subtropical Deserts
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Rainfall in Chaparral
Rainfall in Chaparral
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Fire-adapted Shrubs
Fire-adapted Shrubs
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Diversity in Tropical Wet Forests
Diversity in Tropical Wet Forests
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Temperature Range in Subtropical Deserts
Temperature Range in Subtropical Deserts
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Fire Frequency in Temperate Grasslands
Fire Frequency in Temperate Grasslands
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Plant Growth Seasons in Temperate Grasslands
Plant Growth Seasons in Temperate Grasslands
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Low Animal Diversity in Subtropical Deserts
Low Animal Diversity in Subtropical Deserts
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Biomes
Biomes
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Terrestrial Biomes
Terrestrial Biomes
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Aquatic Biomes
Aquatic Biomes
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Above-ground Biomass
Above-ground Biomass
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Tropical Wet Forest
Tropical Wet Forest
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Temperature Variation
Temperature Variation
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Precipitation
Precipitation
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Species Diversity
Species Diversity
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Epiphytes
Epiphytes
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Evergreen Trees
Evergreen Trees
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Arboreal Lifestyle
Arboreal Lifestyle
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Vegetation Types
Vegetation Types
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Photic Zone
Photic Zone
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Aphotic Zone
Aphotic Zone
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Benthic Realm
Benthic Realm
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Neritic Zone
Neritic Zone
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Intertidal Zone
Intertidal Zone
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Freshwater Biomes
Freshwater Biomes
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Marine Biomes
Marine Biomes
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Stratification in Water
Stratification in Water
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Coral Reefs
Coral Reefs
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Estuaries
Estuaries
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Ocean Currents
Ocean Currents
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Challenger Deep
Challenger Deep
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Weather Forecast
Weather Forecast
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Climate
Climate
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Difference between Weather and Climate
Difference between Weather and Climate
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Long-range Weather Forecasts
Long-range Weather Forecasts
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Global Climate Change
Global Climate Change
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Thermal Stratification
Thermal Stratification
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Nutrient-Rich Benthos
Nutrient-Rich Benthos
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Abyssal Zone
Abyssal Zone
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Chemosynthetic Bacteria
Chemosynthetic Bacteria
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Mutualism in Coral
Mutualism in Coral
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Great Barrier Reef
Great Barrier Reef
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Coral Bleaching
Coral Bleaching
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Zooxanthellae
Zooxanthellae
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Ecosystem Diversity in Reefs
Ecosystem Diversity in Reefs
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Impact of Climate Change on Reefs
Impact of Climate Change on Reefs
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Ocean Acidification
Ocean Acidification
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Temperate Forest
Temperate Forest
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Source Water
Source Water
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Deciduous Trees
Deciduous Trees
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Stream Channel
Stream Channel
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Growing Season
Growing Season
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Current Speed at Source
Current Speed at Source
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Photosynthesis in Streams
Photosynthesis in Streams
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Organic Material Input
Organic Material Input
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Coniferous Trees
Coniferous Trees
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Adaptations to Fast Water
Adaptations to Fast Water
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Acidic Soils
Acidic Soils
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Predators in Fast Streams
Predators in Fast Streams
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Slow-Moving Waters
Slow-Moving Waters
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Arctic Tundra
Arctic Tundra
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Permafrost
Permafrost
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Phytoplankton Growth
Phytoplankton Growth
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Leaf Litter
Leaf Litter
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Wetlands Definition
Wetlands Definition
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Types of Wetlands
Types of Wetlands
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Primary Producers
Primary Producers
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Bog Characteristics
Bog Characteristics
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Snow as Precipitation
Snow as Precipitation
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Climate Change Definition
Climate Change Definition
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Ground Layer
Ground Layer
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Climate vs Weather
Climate vs Weather
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Greenhouse Gases
Greenhouse Gases
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Tree Layer Structure
Tree Layer Structure
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Economic Impact of Coral Decline
Economic Impact of Coral Decline
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Human Impact on Coral Reefs
Human Impact on Coral Reefs
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Global Warming Effects
Global Warming Effects
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Salinity in Estuaries
Salinity in Estuaries
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Halophytes
Halophytes
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Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
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Algal Blooms
Algal Blooms
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Dead Zones
Dead Zones
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Rivers and Streams
Rivers and Streams
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Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Nitrogen and Phosphorus
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Study Notes
Ecology and the Biosphere
- Ecology is the study of interactions between living organisms and their environment, aiming to understand the distribution and abundance of life.
- Ecological research integrates various disciplines, including biology, mathematics, statistics, biochemistry, molecular biology, physiology, evolution, biodiversity, geology, and climatology.
- Abiotic factors are non-living components (e.g., air, water, soil), while biotic factors are living organisms.
- Ecological study occurs at four interconnected levels: organismal, population, community, and ecosystem.
Organismal Ecology
- Organismal ecology focuses on adaptations enabling individuals to survive in specific habitats.
- Adaptations can be morphological, physiological, or behavioral.
- Example: The Karner blue butterfly is a specialist requiring wild lupine for survival.
Population Ecology
- A population is a group of interbreeding individuals of the same species in a given area.
- Population ecology focuses on population size changes over time.
- Factors influencing population size can include conservation efforts, host plant abundance, and wildfire suppression.
- Example: Karner blue butterfly populations are endangered and heavily reliant on wild lupine, whose health is affected by human intervention.
Community Ecology
- A biological community consists of species interacting within an area.
- Interactions include competition, predation, parasitism, herbivory, and mutualism.
- Example: Karner blue butterfly larvae have a mutualistic relationship with certain ant species (Formica spp.) to protect them from predators.
Ecosystem Ecology
- Ecosystem ecology combines biotic and abiotic factors in an area.
- It examines nutrient and energy flow through the ecosystem.
- Example: Karner blue butterflies and wild lupine live in oak-pine barrens, where nutrient availability and disturbance are key factors.
Biogeography
- Biogeography studies the geographic distribution of organisms and their environmental influences.
- Abiotic factors, such as temperature, rainfall, elevation, and sunlight, affect species distribution.
- Biomes are large, geographically distinct land areas with specific climate, flora, and fauna.
- Endemic species are naturally found in only one specific area, while generalist species live in diverse regions.
- Examples of abiotic factors influencing biomes include latitude, ocean currents, and elevation, resulting in distinct vegetation patterns from the equator to the poles, with similar patterns seen as altitude increases.
Terrestrial Biomes
- Two major abiotic factors determining terrestrial biomes are temperature and precipitation.
- Eight major terrestrial biomes have distinctive characteristics exemplified by tropical wet forests, savannas, deserts, chaparral, temperate grasslands, temperate forests, boreal forests, and tundra biomes.
Aquatic Biomes
- Aquatic biomes include marine (oceans, coral reefs, estuaries) and freshwater (lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, wetlands) environments.
- Light penetration, water temperature, and nutrient availability are key abiotic factors.
Ocean Zones and Marine Biomes
- Pelagic realm: open ocean water.
- Benthic realm: ocean floor.
- Photic zone: sunlight penetrates the water.
- Aphotic zone: no sunlight reaches the water.
- Intertidal zone: shoreline between high and low tides
- Neritic zone: extends from the intertidal zone to the edge of the continental shelf.
- Oceanic zone: open ocean beyond the neritic zone
- Coral reefs: formed by calcium carbonate skeletons of coral organisms, requiring warm, shallow water and sometimes a mutualistic relationship with photosynthetic algae
- Estuaries: where freshwater and seawater mix, creating brackish water.
- Freshwater biomes: lakes and ponds (standing water), rivers and streams (flowing water).
Climate and Global Climate Change
- Global climate change refers to altered weather patterns, especially a worldwide increase in temperature.
- Climate differs from weather, reflecting long-term atmospheric conditions, while weather refers to short-term conditions.
- The Industrial Revolution significantly increased atmospheric carbon dioxide.
- Natural factors affecting global climate include solar variations, volcanic eruptions, and variations in Earth's orbit.
- Greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide, trap heat and warm the planet.
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