ECE102-1 Filters Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which type of filter allows signals below a certain frequency to pass through?

  • Band-Pass Filter
  • Low-Pass Filter (correct)
  • High-Pass Filter
  • Band-Stop Filter

What is the critical frequency in filter terminology?

  • The frequency at which the response drops to 70.7% of Av (correct)
  • The maximum frequency that can be passed
  • The frequency range where signals are attenuated
  • The frequency at which the output has maximum gain

An All-Pass Filter attenuates certain frequencies.

False (B)

What does HPF stand for?

<p>High-Pass Filter</p> Signup and view all the answers

The range of frequencies where the output has a gain is called the ______.

<p>Passband</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the roll-off rate of a filter based on its order?

<p>20n dB/decade (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major disadvantage of the Butterworth approximation?

<p>Relatively slow roll-off rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do ripples in the passband of a Chebyshev filter indicate?

<p>Faster roll-off (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the order of a passive filter.

<p>The number of inductors and capacitors in the filter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Filters Overview

  • A filter is an electronic circuit that selectively passes or amplifies specific frequencies while attenuating others.
  • Basic types of filters include Low-Pass, High-Pass, Band-Pass, Band-Stop, and All-Pass filters.

Filter Frequency Response Terminologies

  • Passband: Range of frequencies where the output has positive gain.
  • Stopband: Frequencies where output is minimal or zero.
  • Passband Ripple: Variations in output gain within the passband.
  • Stopband Ripple: Variations in output in the stopband region.
  • Critical Frequency: The cutoff point separating passband and stopband; typically at 70.7% voltage gain or 50% power gain.
  • Stopband Frequency: Frequency marking the beginning of the first stopband ripple.
  • Transition Band: Frequency range between critical and stopband frequencies, related to filter's slope.
  • Roll-off: The slope of the transition region; each pole contributes -20 dB/decade to the slope.

Low-Pass Filter (LPF)

  • Attenuates frequencies above a designated cutoff frequency.
  • Example: An LPF with a cutoff of 40 Hz filters out noise at 60 Hz.

High-Pass Filter (HPF)

  • Suppresses frequencies below a defined cutoff frequency.
  • Example: An HPF with a cutoff of 100 Hz can eliminate unwanted DC voltage in amplifiers.

Band-Pass Filter (BPF)

  • Allows signals within a specified frequency band to pass while attenuating frequencies outside this range.
  • Commonly used in tuning circuits for TVs and radios.

Band-Stop Filter (BSF)

  • Attenuates a specific range of frequencies, often referred to as a notch filter.
  • Example: Rejects signals between 50 Hz and 150 Hz.

All-Pass Filter

  • Passes all frequencies without attenuation, affecting only the phase of the signals.
  • Useful for introducing phase shifts without altering amplitude.

Order of a Filter

  • The order indicates the complexity of a filter, represented by n (number of inductors and capacitors).
  • A higher order signifies a more complex filter design.

Filter Response Characteristics

  • Types include Butterworth, Chebyshev, Inverse Chebyshev, Elliptic, and Bessel.

Butterworth Approximation

  • Known as the maximally flat approximation due to a flat passband with gradual roll-off at cutoff.
  • Roll-off Rate Formula: 20n dB/decade or 6n dB/octave.
  • Main drawback: Slower roll-off compared to other filter types.

Chebyshev Approximation

  • Offers a faster roll-off at the expense of ripples in the passband.
  • Number of ripples in passband calculated as n/2, where n is the filter order.
  • Known as the equal-ripple approximation due to consistent peak-to-peak values.

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